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2400 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 3. ABTS redical scavenging of five typs of RRHs. Each value is the mean ± SD of triplicate measurements. correlation coefficients were 0.79, 0.83, 0.81, 0.84 and 0.83, respectively. The experimental data reveal that RRHsIV have a stronger effect of scavenging free radical (P < 0.05) than other RRHs. It is likely due to higher reductive ability of RRHsIV. A number of studies found that a relation should be located between antioxidant activity and the reducing power (Duh, 1998; Yu et al., 2002; Li et al., 2008). Our results are in agreement with these literatures. Thus, reductive ability may indirectly reflect capacity of scavenging free radical. Determination by ABTS assay ABTS assays are widely used for assessing the antioxidant capacity of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, food products, extracts and biological fluids. The method is rapid and easy to perform, avoids unwanted reactions and does not require drastic conditions to generate radicals (Singh and Singh 2008). Figure 3 showed all of RRHs samples which possessed definite antioxidant activity. The ABTS· scavenging ratio of all the RRHs also correlated with concentration strongly (correlation coefficients > 0.96). As we expected, RRHsIV exhibited a higher ability (P < 0.05) for scavenging ABTS radical than those of RRHsI, RRHsII, RRHsIII and RRHsV. The scavenging ability of the five samples against ABTS radical decreased in the order of RRHsIV > RRHsIII > RRHsI > RRHsII > RRHsV. Conclusions ABTS•scavenging ratio(%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 In the present study, three in vitro assays were applied to evaluate the antioxidant potency of five RRHs fermented by different strains of molds. Overall results showed that 0 1.5 3 6 10 12 Concentration(mg/ml) all the RRHs have antioxidant capacity and RRHsIV exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than those of four other RRHs. Considering this, rice residue is an abundant resource and not efficiently utilized in China, RRHs may be developed as a new food additive. Further studies are required to study the in vivo antioxidant activity and isolation of active compounds of RRHs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support Program of the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” for Science and Technology Research of China (Project No. 2012BAD34B02) and Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (Grant No. 200903043-2). REFERENCES RRHsI RRHsII RRHsIII RRHsIV RRHsV Anisimov VN, Mylnikov SV, Oprarina TI, Khavinso VK (1997). Effect of melatonin and pineal peptide preparation epithalamin on life span and free radical oxidation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech. Ageing Dev., 97: 81-91. Benzie IF, Strain JJ (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as measurement of „„antioxidant power‟‟: The Frap assay. Anal. Biochem., 239: 70-76. Chen HM, Muramoto K, Yamauchi F (1996). Antioxidant activity of designed peptides based on the antioxidative peptide isolated from digests of a soybean protein. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44: 2619-2623. Chandi GK, Sogi DS (2007). Functional properties of rice bran protein concentrates. J. Food Eng., 79: 592-597. Chu Y, Sun J, Wu X, Liu R (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables. J. Agr. Food Chem., 50: 6910-9616. Dittrich R, El-Massry F, Kunz K, Rinaldi F, Peichi CC, Benckmann MW, Pischetsrieder M (2003). Maillard reaction products inhibit oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 3900-3904. Duh PD (1998). Antioxidant activity of burdock (Arctium lappa Linne): Its
scavenging effect on free radical and active oxygen. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75: 455-465. Ishikawa Y (1992). Development of new types of antioxidants from microbial origin. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 41: 762-767. Je JY, Park PJ, Kim SK (2005). Antioxidant activity of a peptide isolated from alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) frame protein hydrolysate. Food Res. Int., 38: 45-50. Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Heinonen M (2001). Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49: 4076-4082. Kurbanoglu EB, Kurbanoglu NI (2004). Ram horn peptone as a source of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger, with a process. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31: 289-294. Lee JH, Lee YS (2002). Selection of stable mutants from cultured rice anthers treated with ethyl methane sulfonic acid. Plant Cell Tiss Org., 71: 165-171. Li JW, Ding SD, Ding XL (2005). Comparison of antioxidant capacities of extracts from five cultivars of Chinese jujube. Process Biochem., 40: 3607-3613. Li XX, Han LJ, Chen LJ (2008). In vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from corn gluten meal. J. Sci. Food Agric., 88: 1660-1666. Maxwell SRJ (1995). Prospects for use of antioxidants therapies. Drugs, 49: 345-361. Mendis E, Rajaparser N, Kim SK (2005). Antioxidant properties of a radical-scavenging peptide purified from enzymatically prepared fish skin gelatin hydrolysate. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 581-587. Nilsang S, Lertsiri S, Suphantharika M, Assavanig A (2005). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of fish soluble concentrate by commercial proteases. J. Food Eng., 70: 71-78. Opara EC (2004). Role of oxidative stress in the etiology of type-2 diabetes and the effects of antioxidant supplementation on glycemic contral. J. Investing Med., 52: 19-23. Pellegrini N, Del Rio D, Colombi B, Bianchi M, Brighenti F (2003). Application of the 2, 2'-azobis (3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation assay to a flow injection system for the evaluation of antioxidant activity of some pure compounds and beverages. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 260-264. Rodríguez VMJ, Tomassini SLR, Manca de NMC, Strasser de SAM (2010). Antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of phenolic Compounds from argentinean herbs infusions. Food Contr., 21: 779- 785. Schreferl-Kunar G, Grotz M, Rohr M, Kubicek CP (1989). Increased citric acid production by mutants of Aspergillus niger with increased glycolytic capacity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 59: 297-300. Tian et al. 2401 Singh S, Singh RP (2008). In Vitro Methods of Assay of Antioxidants: An Overview. Food Rev. Int., 24: 392-415. Singleton VL, Orthofer RM, Ramuela-Raventios RM (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol., 299: 152-178. Sun T, Ho CT (2005). Antioxidant activities of buckwheat extracts. Food Chem., 90: 743-749. Von Gadow A, Joubert E, Hansmann CF (1997). Comparison of antioxidant activity of aspalathin with that of other plant phenols of Rooibosed tea (Aspalathon linearis), a-tocopherol, BHT and BHA. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45: 632-638. Wang J, Zhang QB, Zhang ZS, Song HF, Li PC (2010). Potential antioxidant and anticoagulant capacity of low molecular weight fucoidan fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 46: 6-12. Wang SY, Lin HS (2000). Antioxidant activity in fruit and leaves of blackberry, raspberry and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48: 140-146. Wang H, Guo L, Xie WL (2006). Methods for determining antioxitive activity of antioxidants. Food Ferment. Ind., 32: 92-98. Yen GC, Chang YC, Su SW (2003). Antioxidant activity and active compounds of rice koji fermented with Aspergillus candidus. Food Chem., 83: 49-54 Yen GC, Duh PD (1994). Scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls on free-radical and active-oxygen species. Food Chem., 42: 629-632. Yen GC, Lee CA (1996). Antioxidant activity of extracts from molds. J. Food Protect., 59: 1327-1330. You LJ, Regenstein JM, Liu RH (2010). Optimization of hydrolysis conditions for the production of antioxidant peptides from fish gelatin using response surface methodology. J. Food Sci., 75: 582-587. Yu L, Haley S, Perret J, Harris M, Wilson J, Qian M (2002). Free radical scavenging properties of wheat extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50: 1619-1624.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
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2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
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2476 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 1.
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2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
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2482 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. C
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2484 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. C
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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