WRITING AUTHORITY IN LATE MEDIEVAL ... - Cornell University

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will turn to the act of translation within an English setting and inquire into the discourse of authority as a way of creating political identity. In particular, we will study how the most prolific translator of English at the turn of the century—the Cornish Vicar of Berkeley, John of Trevisa—understood authority as divorced from the presentation of “everyday” reality. 204
CHAPTER IV ENGLAND: TRANSLATIONS WITHOUT MEAN<strong>IN</strong>G “For every translation of a work at a specific point in the history of language represents, with respect to a specific aspect of its content, translation into all other languages. Thus translation transplants the original into an— ironically—more ultimate linguistic domain, since it cannot be displaced from it by any further translation, but only raised into it anew and in other parts” 325 —Walter Benjamin. “For to make þis translacion cleer and pleyn to be knowe and vnderstond, in som place Y schal sette word vor word and actyue vor actyue and passiue vor passyue arewe ryзt as a stondeþ withoute changyng of þe ordere of wordes. But yn som place Y mot change þe rewe and þe ordre of wordes…Bote vor al such chaungyng, þe menyng schal stonde and noзt be ychanged” 326 —John of Trevisa. It is commonly thought that translation is possible because, ideally, people wish to say what they mean—that what they say could be said in some perfect setting. The basic premise, as Walter Benjamin explains it, is that signs can be exchanged across languages because meaning and linguistic structures are intrinsically related into an “ultimate linguistic domain.” Therefore, it is difficult to think that I could translate a text, like John Gower’s Confessio Amantis, by not tying its linguistic syntax to meaning—that translation would be possible when what I mean is not what I say in the same manner that I could narrate history without meaning to represent truth through signs. Taking a quick glance at John of Trevisa’s prefatory letter to Ranulf Higden’s Polychronicon, we would think that Benjamin’s reflections had some basis in the medieval understanding of translation. In his efforts to make a “cleer and pleyn” translation, Trevisa claims that he will sometimes “sette word vor word and actyue vor actyue” from Latin to English or, at others, “change þe rewe and þe ordre of wordes.” Trevisa’s statements suggest that an ideal “cleer and pleyn” use of language directly ties “menyng” to syntax and “truth” to signs. From this Prologue, Trevisa’s attitude towards translation seems governed by its relationship to rhetoric. His description of literal translation as “word vor word” repeats the 325 Walter Benjamin, “The Translator’s Task,” TTR: traduction, terminologie, redaction, trans. Steven Rendall 10. 2 (1997): 158. 326 Qtd. in Ronald Waldron, “Trevisa’s Original Prefaces On Translation: A Critical Edition,” Medieval English Studies Presented to George Kane, eds. Edward Kennedy, Ronald Waldron, and Joseph Wittig (Suffolk: St. Edmunsbury Press, 1988) 294. 205
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VOICE AND MEANING: WRITING AUTHORIT
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VOICE AND MEANING: WRITING AUTHORIT
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Juan David Sier
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to fi
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INTRODUCTION Although the following
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Italian examples without incorporat
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Martínez which led to the Anti-Jew
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literary masterpiece, a manual of a
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elated to the taking of “infidel
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the last two chapters of this disse
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CHAPTER I COLONIAL HERMENEUTICS: IN
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However, by the fifteenth-century,
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sermonis” was true based upon the
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undeniable that both thinkers are a
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in the Epistle to the Hebrews invol
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Clement VI’s dispensation of the
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asked other Christian authorities t
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end, therefore, requires a particul
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Hostiensis. Hostiensis, commenting
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If the representational status of s
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This catalogue of colonial conquest
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this system from their experience a
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Perhaps, the main change in the Pap
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‘speech’ could stand for the fo
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Word into flesh and hence cannot ho
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is not to say that they are not hum
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creature; the old things passed, an
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Because he understands the authorit
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communicability from which infidels
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such, claiming that natural authori
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tamen laicus ante aliquam constitut
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Augustine reminds Vincentius: “No
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falsify their own name since the la
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causa, quare homo Christus sublimat
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angle, as the rays are declined in
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ad ovile Domini induci valeant, fau
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them and keep them thirsting withou
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“prevaricacione” ‘distortion/
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In Eugene’s lament over these act
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such, the Pope who, lacking the pow
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et utinam non fuisset factum, nec g
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CHAPTER II IBERIAN GOWER: TRANSLATI
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of today’s condition has overcome
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From this vantage point, the legibi
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classical or exegetical tradition,
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work, a translator rarely credited
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creation of the poem insufficiently
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Portugal) and other works of litera
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We can understand why Gower would b
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Daniel and Nebuchadnezzar are conjo
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heart only a shadow, so to speak, o
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sure, but in the Chaldee language,
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sermo” ‘you redeem time knowing
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importantly, he speaks by means of
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4. “Oure Tyme among ous”: Gower
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amorem et amantum condiciones funda
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in hearing moral fables in English
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Further, this image was a common ty
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word “tractatum” figuratively a
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eginning with its head before ever
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At first glance, this difference of
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the world’ through the figuration
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the verse literally ties reality to
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The English is painfully clear: the
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different. Therefore, if there is s
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palace.’ 202 Unlike the first of
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noght be fable,” arguing that if
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Du Nabugod ce poet om lire, Qui se
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From this perspective, the “Tale
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For Jerome, God’s truth, authoria
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manhiede,/That thou ne be noght lic
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kneeling simply because he is an ox
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Portuguese claims—alongside Jerom
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one which eats grass. Further, it m
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CHAPTER III CASTILE: STORIES WITHOU
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In this chapter, I will analyze thi
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history,’ emphasized the sense pe
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their readers without waiting to be
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2. Experiencing Truth: Managing the
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could.’ It must record both an ac
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Dominus’s arguments repeat Paul
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Prophecy and English, then, affect
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is that the word of God has a parti
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concept—his language is true simp
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Justin’s Epitome of the Philippic
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outside “natural” attributes, o
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confused, and from there, the Lord
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etween meaning and representation,
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narratives) parallels similar conce
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Writing allows Voice to seem univer
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Belch, Stanislaus. Paulus Vladimiri
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Dagenais, John. The Ethics of Readi
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Fowler, David. The Life and Times o
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Kinkade, Berte. The English Transla
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---. Popes, Lawyers, and Infidels.
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Russell, Peter E. “El Descubrimie
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Waters Bennett, Josephine. “Brita
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