the soviet partisan movement 1941-1944 by edgar m. howell

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86 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT of but 14 light machine guns. 116 The situation was equally pinching behind Army Group Center. 117 The few Baltic and Ukrainian volunteer battalions organized during the previous fall having proved reliable, OKH in January, as a partial solution to this security troop shortage, had recommended that additional native units be enlisted from among anti-soviet inhabitants and reliable former prisoners of war. 118 An enlistment campaign had then been initiated and a number of units of 100 to 150 men each, "Centuries" ( Hundertschaften ) , were formed from among Baltic, Ukrainian, Cossack, and Tartar natives, many of whom had previously indicated their desire to enlist. 119 They were cadred from experienced military police battalions and armed with captured Russian materiel. After training and some security work under close supervision, they were committed as rail line patrols and bridge guards, but not in areas where partisan pressure was heavy. 120 Despite the fact that Berlin was fully aware of the state of affairs in the rear areas, 121 Hitler on 10 February ordered that no further native combat units were to be organized by the Army for antipartisan work, and that those already formed were not to be committed in active roles. He further directed that the ultimate control of the native units, even in the army group rear areas, was to lie with the higher SS and police chief (who was Himmler's representative) in each army group, and not with the Army Security Commands. 122 This prohibition, however, did not apply to the enlistment of local civilians in police units in the Reichskomrnissariate where they would be under Himmler's direct control. 123 OKH appealed this decision but was turned down, although combat and security units comprising Tartars, Caucasians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turkestani were specifically excepted from the prohibition, and units already enlisted and in service were allowed to continue. 124 116 Befehl 19, Korueck 584, 4.II.42., Anl. 55 z. KTB 3, Korueck 584, 17.XII.41.- 31.XII.42. 38998/2; Korueck 584 to Sixteenth Army, 31 Jan 42, in Anl. 49, z. KTB 3, Korueck 584, 17.XII.41.-31.XII.42. 38998/2. 117 Bericht, H. Gr. Mitte, Arr. 1430/42 geh., 24.II.42., Anl. z. KTB, Ia, Pz AOK 3. 20736/6. 118 OKH/Gen.St.d.H.//Org. Abt., Nr. 213/42 geh., 9.I.42. in KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 75131/94. 119 Bericht, Ic, 213 Sich. Div., 14.XZ.41, in KTB, 213 Sich. Div. 14424/4; OKW/ WFSt/Qu (II), Nr. 00738/42, 23.II.42. in KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 75131/94; (doc. 628), prosecution document book in N.M.T., op. cit. (Case 9). 120 Korueck 584 to Sixteenth Army, 8 Mar 42, in Anl. 89 z. KTB 3, Korueck 584, 17.XII.41.-31.XII.42. 38998/2. 121 The Goebbels Diaries, ed. Louis P. Lochner (New York, 1918), p. 195. 122 OKH/Gen.St.d.H./Gen.Qu/Org. Abt. (II), Nr. 736/42 in KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 75131/94. 123 OKW/WFSt/Qu (IZ), Nr. 00738/42, 23.II.42. in KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 75131/94. 124 OKH/Gen.St.d.H./Gen.Qu/Org. Abt. (II), Nr. 1349/42 g. Kdos., 24.III.42. in KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 7513 1/94.
GERMAN OCCUPATION POLICIES IN OPERATION 87 The army groups, needing security troops badly, requested Himmler through OKH to release to them those native units under SS control in the Reichskommissariate, but they were rebuked. 125 Thus frustrated in its attempt to solve the manpower problem locally, OKH transferred two Hungarian security brigades from the southern sector to Army Group Center Rear Area. This move did little to restore matters, however, for some 30 percent of the personnel were untrained Carpatho-Ukrainians and the remainder second-rate reserves, the units were poorly equipped, and their indiscriminate looting and sharp repressive measures quickly turned the natives against them. 126 SS and SD units venturing into the rear areas from the Reichskommissariate ware sometimes unceremoniously pressed into the fight; the forced enlistment of several SD intelligence and reconnaissance teams brought a sharp reaction from Himmler's headquarters. 127 Later several of the rear area commanders even went to the extreme of taking all draft age Germans working as civilians in administrative capacities in the Reichskommissariat and assigning them to alert forces or as leaders of native units. l28 As a further source of manpower Army Group North proposed that field training divisions of the Replacement Army be transferred from the Zone of the Interior to the east where they might complete their training in more realistic surroundings and at the same time release security and police forces from static employment for commitment against the bands. 129 Even in the face of Hitler's pronouncement against the use of indigenous units, the rear area commanders continued to throw all available troops, native and German, into the fight against the bands. The performance of some of the "Centuries," especially Finnish, Estonian, and Russian, was generally good initially, but poor tactical employment and logistical support on the part of the security commands gradually began to impair their efficiency. Clothing, especially shoes, deteriorated during the bitter winter weather and was not replaced, and this combined with the lack of food other than the standard German emergency ration and the equipment necessary for preparing hot meals did much to lower their morale and operational value. Despite the fact that somewhat the same conditions were prevalent in all Wehrmacht units at the time, the indigenous troops felt forgotten and neglected and quickly tended to 125 OKH to Army Group North, 23 Apr 42, in KTB, H. Gr. Nord, 1.IV.-30.IV.42. 75128/9. 126 Bericht 3,.AOK 2, Ic, 30.III.42., An1 331 z. KTB AOK 2, Ic, Band IV, 1.IV.- 30.IV.42. 2361 7/62. 127 Entry for 26 May 42, in KTB, 207 Sich. Div., 1.I.31 .XII.42. 33300/1. 128 Bericht, H. Geb. Nord, 3.VIII.42., in KTB, H. Gr. Nord, 1.VIII.-31 .VIII.42., 3060. 75128/13. 129 Army Group North to OKH, 10 May 42, in KTB, H. Gr. Nord. l.V.-30.V.42, p. 1998. 75128/10.
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F I N L A N D Kholrn MOSCOW S. R. A
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON 2
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PREFACE The purpose of this text is
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viii PART TWO . 1941-1942: THE PERI
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x PART THREE. 1943-1944: THE PERIOD
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2 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT Euro
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4 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT Whit
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6 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT mile
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Map 3. Period of German Offensives,
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PREINVASION PLANNING 9 Still doubti
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PREINVASION PLANNING 11 Chart 1 - O
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PREINVASION PLANNING 13 visions wer
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PREINVASION PLANNING 15 limited obj
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PREINVASION PLANNING 17 and philoso
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PREINVASION PLANNING 19 district Ko
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PREINVASION PLANNING 21 torates, on
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PREINVASION PLANNING 23 world revol
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PREINVASION PLANNING 25 sions, of w
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GERMAN OPERATIONS TO THE STALINGRAD
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Chart 3 ORGANIZATIOUIF A PARTISAN B
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THE PARTISAN MOVEMENT REACHES MATUR
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CHAPTER 10 THE PARTISANS AND THE C
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THE PARTISANS AND THE CAMPAIGN OF 1
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PARTISAN CONCENTRATIONS IN SECTOR O
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162 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT no
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164 on the rail lines of the centra
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166 Soviet propaganda aimed at the
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168 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT li
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170 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT si
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THE DECISIVE MONTHS: JANUARY—JUNE
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THE DECISIVE MONTHS: JANUARY-JUNE 1
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15 Anl. 43 z. KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 14.
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ARMY GROUP CENTER REAR AREA' WINTER
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The Soviet Pa
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 217 United Sta
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