the soviet partisan movement 1941-1944 by edgar m. howell

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EARLY RUSSIAN RESISTANCE AND GERMAN COUNTERMEASURES 57 in possession of firearms were to be shot as partisans. If a conspiracy was proven, entire villages were to be burned down. 65 In the Ukraine all radios, both receivers and transmitters, were confiscated, despite the absence of partisan opposition there and without regard for the loss of a valuable propaganda medium. 66 Late in August a further step was taken: in the northern sector the native male population of several critical areas was evacuated and placed in detention camps in an effort to curb unrest. 67 OKH Directives Prisoner of War Status of the Partisans Even OKH, weighed down as it was with directing the campaign, found itself pulled into the partisan picture by the problem of control of the huge number of prisoners taken in the successive encirclements. Due to the speed of the advance and the shortage of manpower, thousands of surrendered Red Army soldiers roamed unrestricted through the rear areas in search of food, pillaging and marauding, and often allied themselves with the partisans. The problem grew to such an extent that the rear area commands found it increasingly difficult to differentiate between prisoners and partisans, and to control the one and combat the other. In an attempt to clarify the situation and establish a basis for separating the legal from the illegal, OKH on the advice of the Chief of the Army Legal System (Der Chef des Heeres Justizwesens), issued a series of directives defining the prisoner of war status of combatants and noncombatants under varying situations of belligerency. On 3 July it directed that: "Soldiers in uniform, with or without arms, are considered lawful belligerents. Those in civilian clothes, with or without arms, according to age and looks considered draftable, are to be accorded rights as prisoners of war. Civilians in mufti or half uniform found with arms are to be considered guerrillas. 68 On 18 July this was supplemented to the extent that members of partisan units, in front of or behind the German lines, when not wearing a uniform or insignia recognizable by the opposing forces, were to be considered as guerrillas and treated as such. Inhabitants of cities and villages who aided such persons were to be treated accordng to the same rules. 69 And further, on 25 July, individual soldiers roaming the rear areas in uniform or 65 KTB, H. Geb. Sued, 23.VIII.41. 16407/17. 66 KTB, H. Geb. Sued, 25.VII.41. 16407/17. 67 KTB, WiKdo.,z .b. V., "Goerlitz," 21.VIII.41. WI/ID 2.357. 68 AOK 9, Ic, Nr. 2058/41, 3.VII.41., Anl. Z.KTB, Ic, Korueck 582. 17326/15. 69 OKH/Gen. Z.b. V./Jag., Nr. 1260/41, g.Kdos. Chefs., 18.VII.41., appears as AOK 2, Ic, Nr. 1560/41,30. VII.41., Anl. z. KTB, 112Inf. Div. 19643/24.
58 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT civilian clothes were to be advised by means of public address system, radio, or posters that they should give themselves up to the nearest German organization. Should they fail to do this by a certain date, to be determined by the rear area commander, they were to be considered as guerrillas and treated as such. 71 These directives were all legally well within the provisions of the Geneva Convention of 1929 relative to the treatment of prisoners of war (PW's)71 Following the leads at OKH, Army Group Center Rear Area ordered its units to issue a proclamation stating that all Russian soldiers found west of the Berezina River after 15 August would be considered as guerrillas (Freischaerler ) and treated as such. 73 When large numbers of stragglers surrendered as a result of this policy, the time limit was extended to 31 August. 74 The Ninth Army issued declarations to the effect that former Red Army personnel who had been forced to join partisan groups would be accorded PW status if they surrendered prior to 5 September. 75 Even parachutists, who in the first weeks of the war were all considered saboteurs and treated as such, were ordered accorded rights as PW's when captured in uniform. Civilians found with weapons or captured in or after skirmishes were still to be considered partisans and shot or hanged. 76 The same general attitude existed in the southern sector where notices were posted stating that all Red Army stragglers were to give themselves up by 18 August or be treated as partisans. 77 In September the armies received from Hitler what apparently was intended as the last word relative to the prisoner of war status of combatants in the rear areas. Russian combat troops under the command of an officer who got behind the German lines on a definite mission were when captured to be treated as prisoners of war so long as they were not a part of units which had previously surrendered. Any soldiers 70 OKH/Gen.z.b.V./]ag., Nr. 1332/41 g.Kdos. Chefs., 25.VII.41., Anl. r. KTB, Ic, Korueck 582. 17326/15. 71 See: FM 27-10, "Rules of Land Warfare," pars. 9, 12,350,353-54. 72 Erster Abschnitt: Die Organisation der Verwaltung in den besetzten Ostgebieten. Undated unsigned paper found in the Rosenberg files outlining the organization and administration of the occupied eastern territories. I.M.T., op. cit., XXVI, pp. 592- 609. 73 Anl. 492 z.KTB 2,221 Sich. Div., 12.VIII.41. 16748/10. 74 Bfh. H. Geb. Mitte, Nr. 40/41., Anl. 521 z. KTB 2,221 Div. 16748/10. 75 AOK 9, Ia,Ic/AO, Nr. 3600/41 geh., 18.VIII.41., Anl. z.KTB, Ic Korueck 582. 17326/15. 76 AOK 9, Ia,Ic, Nr. 254/41 geh., 10.IX.41, Anl. z.KTB, Ic, Korueck 582. 17326/15. 77 Tgb., Ic, H. Geb. Sued, 1.VIII.--31.VIII.41., Teil 2 z.KTB 1,21.VI.--H. Geb. Sued, 31 .VIII.41. 16407/17
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F I N L A N D Kholrn MOSCOW S. R. A
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON 2
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PREFACE The purpose of this text is
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viii PART TWO . 1941-1942: THE PERI
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x PART THREE. 1943-1944: THE PERIOD
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2 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT Euro
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4 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT Whit
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6 THE SOVIET PARTISAN MOVEMENT mile
Page 22 and 23: Map 3. Period of German Offensives,
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THE OCCUPATION FALTERS 107 The Forc
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THE OCCUPATION FALTERS 109 As the p
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THE OCCUPATION FALTERS 111 This gro
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THE OCCUPATION FALTERS 113 . The Pa
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THE OCCUPATION FALTERS 115 tected b
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THE GERMANS CHANGE THEIR TACTICS 11
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F N L A N O Map 4. Period of Soviet
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Chart 3 ORGANIZATIOUIF A PARTISAN B
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THE PARTISAN MOVEMENT REACHES MATUR
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CHAPTER 10 THE PARTISANS AND THE C
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THE PARTISANS AND THE CAMPAIGN OF 1
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PARTISAN CONCENTRATIONS IN SECTOR O
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164 on the rail lines of the centra
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166 Soviet propaganda aimed at the
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THE DECISIVE MONTHS: JANUARY—JUNE
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THE DECISIVE MONTHS: JANUARY-JUNE 1
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15 Anl. 43 z. KTB, H. Gr. Nord. 14.
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ARMY GROUP CENTER REAR AREA' WINTER
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The Soviet Pa
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 217 United Sta
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the soviet partisan movement 1941-1944 by edgar m. howell

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