ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Introduction 65Sources and Consumption Patterns 65Hydropower 67Alternative Energy 71Energy and Environment 74Bibliography 80Chapter 7: Air Pollution and Climate Change 81Introduction 81Status and Trends of Ambient Air Pollution in Nepal 81Indoor Air Quality 85Transboundary Air Pollution 86Sources of Emissions 87Impact of Air Pollution 90Climate and Climate Change 91Policy Response 95Conclusion 96Bibliography 97Appendix 7.1: World Health Organization Guideline Values 102Chapter 8: Urban Environment 103Introduction 103Urban Growth and Features 103Urban Infrastructure 106Urban Environmental Concerns 108Policies and Initiatives 113Future Directions 115Bibliography 117Chapter 9: Environmental Governance 119Introduction 119Environmental Governance in Nepal 119Environmental Policies, Plans, and Programs in Nepal 119Effectiveness of Environmental Policies, Plans and Programs 124Regulatory Framework 124International Commitments 125Sub-regional Linkages 126Enforcement of Environmental Laws and Standards 126Major Stakeholders 127Role of Key Environmental Stakeholders 128Overall Performance of Environmental Governance 131Bibliography 135Appendix 9.1: Environmental Standards Developed by Different Public Sector Agencies in Nepal 137Appendix 9.2: Some Major Environment-related International Conventions Participated in by Nepal 139Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Environmental NGOs in Nepal 142Chapter 10: Environmental Financing 143Introduction 143Domestic Sources 143External Sources 150Tariffs and Subsidies 150Conclusion 154Bibliography 154
Chapter 11: Environment and Conflict: A Review of Nepal’s Experience 155Introduction 155Environment, Resource Scarcity, and Conflict 155Theories Behind Environmental Conflict 157Environmental Conflict in Nepal: The Overall Context 159Forest Resources and Conflicts 160Water Resources and Conflict 164Urban Environment and Conflicts 168The Maoist Insurrection and the Environment 169Conclusions 170Bibliography 171Chapter 12: Environment and Trade 175Introduction 175Trade, Environment, and Sustainable Development 176Nepal and Multilateral Environmental Agreements 178WTO and Nepal <strong>18</strong>0Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade and its Environmental Aspects <strong>18</strong>2Future Implications for Nepal 190Bibliography 191Chapter 13: Environmental Information, Analysis, and Integration 193Introduction 193Issues Related to Environmental Information 194Status of Environmental Data and Information in Nepal 196Integration and Analysis of Environmental Information 199Conclusions: Challenges in Environmental Information 202Bibliography 205Chapter 14: Emerging Priorities 207Introduction 207Promoting Integrated Ecosystem Management and Sustainable Livelihoods 207Promoting Integrated Urban Environmental Management 209Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building 211Environmental and Natural Resources Information Network 214Bibliography 215Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environmental Laws and Related Legislation in Nepal 216Appendix 14.2: Some Common Constraints Faced by Nepal in Implementation of Environmental ImpactAssessment: Operational Problems and their Solutions 217Annex: Millennium Development Goals and the Environment in Nepal 219
Page 2 and 3: About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 International Centre for In
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9: PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61:
Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67:
Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237:
Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239:
Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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