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———.1999. “Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ofKathmandu Valley.” Unpublished reportedsubmitted to Ministry of Population and Environmentby Asian Development Bank Project (TA 2847- NEP),Kathmandu.Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). 2004. SituationalAnalysis of Indoor Air Pollution and DevelopmentGuidelines for Indoor Air Quality Assessment andHouse Building for Health. Kathmandu.Niraula, B.P. 1998. “Health.” In A Compendium ofEnvironment Statistics 1998. Kathmandu: HisMajesty’s Government of Nepal, Central Bureau ofStatistics.Pandey, M., and B. Basnet. 1987. “Chronic Bronchitis andCor Pulmonale in Nepal: A Scientific EpidemiologicalStudy.” Monograph. Mrigendra Medical Trust,Kathmandu.Pokharel, A.K.. 1998. “A Citizen Report on Air Pollution inKathmandu Valley: Children’s Health at Risk.”LEADERS (Society for Legal and EnvironmentalAnalysis and Development Research), Kathmandu.Pokhrel, S. 2002. “Climatology of Air Pollution inKathmandu Valley, Nepal.” Unpublished M.Sc.Thesis. Graduate School, Southern Illinois UniversityEdwardsville, Edwardsville.Ramana, M.V., B.B. Pradhan, V. Ramanathan, B. Shrestha,and I.A. Podgorny. 2004. “Direct Observations ofLarge Aerosol Radiative Forcing in the HimalayanRegion.” Geophysics Research Letters, 31, L05111,doi:10.1029/2003GL018824.Raut, A.K. “Crisis Brewing in Nepal’s Smoke-filledKitchens.” In One World South Asia. Available:http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/92090/1/———.2003. “Health Impact Assessment of Brick Kilns.”Paper presented at the Workshop on Health ImpactAssessment, organized by Nepal Health ResearchCouncil in Kathmandu.Reid, H.F., K.R. Smith, and B. Sherchand. 1986. “Indoorsmoke exposures from traditional and improvedcookstoves: Comparisons among rural women.”Mountain Research Development 6(4): 293–304.Roy, R., S. Gurung, and P. Bam. 2001. “A Social Dynamics onLaunching Safa Tempos in Kathmandu Valley: ACampaign Against the Air Pollution.” Environment6(7): 89–95.Sapkota, B.K., N.P. Sharma, K. Poudel, and B. Bhattarai.1997. “Particulate Pollution Levels in KathmanduValley.” Environment 3 (2).Shah, J., and T. Nagpal, eds. 1997. “Urban Air QualityManagement Strategies in Asia Kathmandu ValleyReport.” World Bank Technical Paper No. 378,Washington, DC: World Bank.Shah, I. 2004. “An Effort to Reduce Indoor Air PollutionThrough Paper and Power Project.” Paper presentedat the Workshop on Better Air Quality (BAQ) 2004,6–8 December, Agra, India. Available:http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2004/1527/article-59310.htmlShakya, K., M.K. Chettri, and T. Sawidis. undated. “Appraisalof Some Mosses for Biomonitoring Airborne HeavyMetals in Kathmandu Valley.” Ecoprint 11(1) 35–49.Available: http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles-60183_resource_1.pdfShrestha, A.B., C.P. Wake, P.A. Mayewski, and J.F. Dibb.1999. “Maximum Temperature Trends in theHimalaya and its Vicinity: An analysis based ontemperature records from Nepal for the period1971–1994.” Journal of Climate (12): 2775–2789.Shrestha, R.M., and S. Malla. 1996. “Air Pollution fromEnergy Uses in a Developing Country City: The Caseof Kathmandu Valley Nepal.” Energy 21: 785–794.SHTF. undated. International Small-Hydro Atlas: Nepal.Published online by the Small-Scale Hydro TaskForce under the IEA Hydropower Agreement.Available at www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?Fuseaction=countries.country&Country_ID=54Smith, K.R. 1987. Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health: AGlobal Review. New York: Plenum Press.Thapa, S., S.S. Shrestha, and D. Karki. 1993. A Survey ofBrick Industries in Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu:Environment and Public Health Organization(ENPHO).Tuladhar, B., and A. Raut. 2002. Environment and HealthImpacts of Kathmandu’s Brick Kilns. Kathmandu:Clean Energy Nepal.United Nations. 2001. Air Quality in Asia and the Pacific: AnAnalysis in Relation to National and InternationalStandards. New York. United NationsUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP) andUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)Regional Resource Center for Asia Pacific (RRCAP).2002. “Malé Declaration on Control and Prevention ofAir Pollution and Its Transboundary Effects for SouthAsia.” UNEP RRCAP Newsletter, November 2002,Bangkok.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2001.Nepal: State of the Environment 2001. Bangkok:United Nations Environment Programme, RegionalResource Center for Asia Pacific.———.2002. “Impact of Global Warming on mountainareas confirmed by UNEP-backed mountaineers.”UNEP Press Release. 10 June. Available:http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.Print.asp?DocumentID=253&ArticleID=3080———. “Trend in Global Average Surface Temperature.” InObserved Climate Trends. Online resource fromGRID–Arendal. Available: http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/17.htmUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) andCenter for Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate (C4).2002. “The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and otherEnvironmental Impact.” Available: http://www.adb.org/vehicle-emissions/General/Environment-cloud.asp100 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. “TheParticle Pollution Report: Current Understanding ofAir Quality and Emissions through 2003.” Office of AirQuality Planning and Standards Emissions,Monitoring, and Analysis Division, North Carolina.Available: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.htmlWarwick, H., and H. Doig. 2004. Smoke—the Killer in theKitchen, Indoor Air Pollution in DevelopingCountries. London: ITDG Publishing.Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). 1996.Energy Synopsis Report: Nepal 1994/1995.Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal,Ministry of Water Resources.———.1999. WECS Bulletin 10(1). Kathmandu.Winrock International Nepal. 2004. “Household Energy,Indoor Air Pollution and Health Impacts: StatusReport for Nepal.” Submitted to United StatesAgency for International Development (USAID),Increase Use of Renewable Energy ResourcesProgram, Kathmandu.World Resources Institute (WRI). 1998. World Resources1998–99: Environmental Change and HumanHealth. Joint publication of the World ResourcesInstitute/ United Nations EnvironmentProgramme/United Nations DevelopmentProgramme/World Bank.Chapter 7: Air Pollution and Climate Change101
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
Page 68 and 69: Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
Page 70 and 71: to intense weathering, and percolat
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
Page 76 and 77: species are reported to be endanger
Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
Page 86 and 87: load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
Page 118 and 119: Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
Page 120 and 121: accommodate the rapidly increasing
Page 122 and 123: managing solid waste. They are part
Page 124 and 125: In most municipalities, hazardous w
Page 126 and 127: in worsening public health conditio
Page 128 and 129: objects of archaeological, historic
Page 130 and 131: Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
Page 132 and 133: Department of Health Services (DOHS
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 describes the major highl
Page 136 and 137: the period to up 2017. The document
Page 138 and 139: earthquakes; and awareness raising
Page 140 and 141: Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
Page 142 and 143: Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
Page 144 and 145: (iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
Page 146 and 147: environmental governance can be bet
Page 148 and 149: can vary considerably. Both sides h
Page 150 and 151: Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
Page 152 and 153: Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
Page 154 and 155: . Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
Page 156 and 157: Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
Page 158 and 159: Some funding arrangements made by t
Page 160 and 161: (NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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