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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor EcosystemsRegionNumber Sub-region Ecosystem TypeMiddle HillsCollinean Central Region Hygrophytic Quercus lamellosa forest(cont.)Collinean Eastern Region Hygrophile forest with Quercus lamelloseHygrophile forest with Castanopsis tribuloidesMesohygrophile forest with Quercus glaucaMesohygrophile forest with Quercus lanata and Pinus excelsaSub-Tropical Eastern Eugenia tetragona , Ostodes paniculata forestRegionUpper Sub-tropical Mixed chir pine - oak forest ( Pinus roxburghii , QuercusWestern Region leucotrichophora )Quercus glauca , Alnus nepalensis , Betula alnoides riverine forestOpen Olea cuspidata forestSub-tropical mixed broadleaved forestQuercus incana and Schima wallichii forestUpper Sub-tropical Hygrophytic Schima wallichii , Castanopsis tribuloides forestCentral RegionMountains 38 + 1 = 19Upper Sub-tropicalEastern RegionUpper and Lower Sub -tropical Western RegionUpper and Lower Sub -tropical Central RegionUpper and Lower Sub -tropical Eastern RegionOtherNival levelUpper Alpine L evelLower Alpine LevelUpper Sub-Alpine LevelWestern RegionUpper Sub-Alpine LevelCentral RegionCastanopis tribuloides forest with Schima wallichii ..Castanopsis hystrix forest with C. tribuloides ..Alnus nepalensis forestChir-pine forest with grasses and EngelhardriaMixed chir pine broadleaved forestAlnus nepalensis riverine forestEuphorbia royleana steppe in inner valleysGrasses - Artemesia steppeHygrophytic Schima wallichii forestSchima wallichii , Castanopsis indica hygrophile forestSchima wallichii , Pinus roxburghii mesohygrophile forestPinus roxburghii xerophile forest with Phyllanthus emblicaSchima wallichii , Lagerstroemia parviflora hygrophile forestPokhara cultivated areasWater bodiesGlaciers, snow, rockAlpine meadow with Gramineae and CyperaceaXerophytic mat patches , scarcely vegetated rocks , and screeMesophytic mat patches , scarcely vegetated rocks , and screeMesophytic and hydrophytic mat patches and scarcely vegetatedrocksAlpine meadows on the southern side of the Himalaya sDry alpine vegetati on on the northern side of the HimalayasHigh altitude discontinuous vegetation cushion plantsMeadows and mat patchesScarcely vegetated rocks and scree of upper alpine levelMeadows and land communitiesRhododendron mesohygrophyti c scrublands -Juniperus ... meadowsRhododendron mesohygrophytic scrublands ( R. anthopogon , R.nivale ...)Juniper mesohygrophytic scrublands ( J. indica, R. recurva, J.squamata)Xerophytic closed alpine mat and scrubMesophytic closed alpine mat and scrubShrub lands with patches of abundant Rhododendron anthopogon,R. nivaleMesophytic closed sub -alpine mat and scrub ( R. anthopogon )Rhododendron -birch forest ( Betula utilis, R. campanulatum )Birch-blue pine open fore stNorth <strong>Himalayan</strong> alpine vegetationContinued on next page50 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Appendix 4.1: Table continuedRegionMajor EcosystemsNumber Sub-region Ecosystem TypeMountains(cont.)Upper Sub-Alpine LevelEastern RegionBetula utilis forest with rhododendron and Abies spectabilisRhododendron shrub landsRhododendron -juniper shrub landsTotal 1<strong>18</strong>Source: BPP (1995)Lower Sub-Alpine LevelWestern RegionLower Sub-Alpine EasternRegionSteppic Formations - NorthWest RegionOtherMesophytic fir forest with oak and rhododendronHygrophytic fir -hemlock-oak forestFir forest ( Abies spectabilis )Abies spectabilis forest with rhododendronLarix griffi thiana forestLarix griffithiana and L. potanini forestLarix potanini forestHigh altitude cushion plant formationCaragana vericolor and Lonicera spinosa steppeCaragana gerardiana and Lonicera spinosa xerophytic steppeCaragana brevispina and Artemisia steppeCaragana pygmaea and Lonicera spinosa xerophytic steppeMyricaria-Hippophae-Salix riverine thicketsSophora moorcroftiana and Oxytropis mollis steppeWater bodiesChapter 4: Forestry and Biodiversity51
Page 2 and 3:
About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
Page 68 and 69: Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
Page 70 and 71: to intense weathering, and percolat
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
Page 76 and 77: species are reported to be endanger
Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
Page 86 and 87: load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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