ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benefits from Irrigation ProjectsParticipation in Irrigation System Implementationdust from drilling and blasting activities. Duringmarble processing activities, significant amounts ofsludge are also generated. The factory has had toinvest in many areas to improve the quality of theenvironment.External SourcesBesides national and local level environmentalfinancing, Nepal also receives assistance from theinternational community and funding agencies.Grant Assistance from DonorsThe Government has continuously received grantassistance in the forestry sector (Table 10.5). Thefunding ranges from forestry management tolivelihood issues. Currently, the Government hasimplemented forestry development andmanagement programs with assistance totalingslightly over US$ 47 million. In the forestry sector,DANIDA and DFID are the two major donors of recentyears. As DANIDA’s current support ended in July2005, DFID will be the most important donorproviding grant assistance to the forestry sector.Similarly, the agricultural sector receives grantsfrom donor agencies for the implementation ofagricultural programs and projects. At present, thissector has a total of 14 projects (Table 10.6).Loan Assistance from DonorsAlthough the Government has attempted to avoidloan assistance in the forestry sector, it hasnevertheless taken about $11.7 million in loans fromthe International Fund for Agricultural Developmentto implement the Leasehold Forest and LivestockDevelopment Programme for the period fromJanuary 2005 to December 2013.Sharing of Benefits Obtained from Irrigation Fee (%)Central MaintenanceFund, Department ofIrrigationGovernmentRevenueTariffs and SubsidiesWater UsersAssociationGovernment-managed scheme (kulo) area before water distribution 40 40 20Government-managed irrigation canal above distribution canal 30 30 40Government-managed irrigation canal above branch canal 20 20 60Government-managed irrigation canal abo ve main canal 10 10 80Government’s involvement only in headwork management 5 5 90All management responsibility handed over to users 0 5 95Note: the remaining parts of the kulo or canal are managedSource: MOWR (1993)by the water users associations.TariffsTariffs and subsidies for environment and naturalresources related sectors are another source offunds. The Government provides subsidies ontariffs/prices for electricity, water supply, communityforestry, and community irrigation schemes asincentives for improved environmental management.Many of these initiatives are relatively new.The Nepal Electricity Authority has implementedtariffs on the consumption of electricity for domestic,industrial, commercial, transport, and otherpurposes; the tariffs vary by type of use and quantityof energy consumed. It uses the revenues generatedthrough application of these tariffs for extension ofthe power grid, maintenance and operation of itssystem, and debt servicing. The Nepal Water SupplyCorporation charges tariffs for the use of municipalwater and sewage. Currently the tariff onconsumption of tapped drinking water is NRs 15.00per thousand liters. In principle some of this revenueis reinvested to help improve the system. The NepalWater Supply Corporation and Nepal Water Supplyand Sewerage Department develop water supplysystems in small towns and hand them over to users’groups. In return for maintaining these systems, theGovernment provides the users’ groups grants of50%, and loans of 30% (at 8% interest, withrepayment in 12 years) from town developmentfunds so that only 20% of the requirements need tobe met by the community itself.Similarly, royalties are imposed on the utilizationof forest products, water resources, and othersthrough the licensing process. Through the Forest Act1993 and the Forest Regulations 1995 (MOFSC 1995)the Government collects revenue on the use oftimber and NTFPs and medicinal and aromatic150 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Table 10.5: Some Major Grant Projects in the Forestry Sector (as of March 2005)ProjectBudgetNameFunding AgencyDurationCoverage($‘000)Livelihood and Forestry Project 15 districts DFID–UK Government Mar. '01–Feb. '11 26,882Nepal Australia Communi ty ResourceManagement and Livelihood ProjectCommunity Development and Forest WatershedConservation (Phase II)Biodiversity Sector Programme for Siwaliks andTeraiParticipatory Conservation Programme(Phase II)Terai Arc Landscape Conservation Project2 districts Aus-AID Feb. '03–Jan. '06 12,3942 districts JICA/JOVC Jul '04–Jul 2005 —8 districts SNV 2002–2005 10,6907 nationalparks andbuffer zonesUNDP May '04–Dec. '06 1,000Landscape of WWF Nepal Program Jul '01–Jul '06 6,000Terai Arc4 districts CARE Nepal/ USAID 2002–2006 5,600Strengthened Advocacy for Governed Utilization ofNatural Resources ProgrammeWestern Terai Landscape Complex Project 3 districts UNDP, SNV, WWF, IPGRI, Oct. '03–Oct. '11 12,827NARC, LIBIRDConservation and Sustain able Use of Wetlands in 4 districts IUCN/UNDP 2004–2009 4,988NepalChuriya Watershed Management Project 2 districts CARE Nepal Mar. '01–Feb. '06 1,978Community Incentives to Reduce LanduseConflict and Conserve Biodiversity in NepalNatural Resource Management Sector AssistanceProgramme (Phase I extension)Sustainable Management and Utilization of NTFPsin the Terai Region of NepalKoshi Tappu GEF/UNDP 2004–2005 194WR38 districts DANIDA Jul '04–Jul '05 3,8463 districts ITTO 3 years (afteragreement)— = not available , AusAid = Australian Aid, DANID A = Danish International Development Agency , DFID = Department for International Development ,GEF = Global Environment Facility , IPGRI = International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, ITTO = Inte rnational Tropical Timber Council, IUCN = World ConservationUnion, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, JOVC = Japan Overseas Volunteer Cooperation, LIBIRD = Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Research andDevelopment, NARC = Nepal Agricultural Research Council, SNV = Netherlands Development Organiz ation, UK = United K ingdom, UNDP = United NationsDevelopment Program me, USAID = United States Agency for International Development, WW F = World Wide Fund for NatureSource: MOFSC (2005)312Table 10.6: Some Major Grant Projects in the Agricultural SectorName Project Coverage Funding Agency Duration BudgetJanakpur Agricultural Development Project Dhanusa, Mahottari Japan KR-2 1972 and yearly —and Siraha, and otherTerai districtsDistrict and National Implementation of 20 districts DFID 2003–2007 £9.87 millionAgricultural Perspective PlanLivestock Service Extension Programme 61 districts Yearly NRs 60 millionCrop Diversion Project12 districts of MWDR <strong>ADB</strong> 2002–2007 NRs 11 millionand FWDRMaize-based Cropping SystemMaize-based cropping SDC 2003–2007 NRs 2.7 millionareasSustainable Soil Management Project 12 districts SDC 2003–2007 SwF 4.5 millionAgriculture Training and Extension Project 5 districts JICA 2004–2008 —Food Security Programme for Nepal 4 districts France 2004–2007 —Support to the National Integrated PestManagement Programme in NepalHimalaya Tea Technology Outreach andExtension Programme31 districts Norway 2004–2006 —JICA —— = not available , £ = pounds sterling, NRs = Nepalese Rupees, SwF = Swiss francs , <strong>ADB</strong> = Asian Development Bank, DFID = Department for InternationalDevelopment, FWDR = Far West Development Region, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, MWDR = Mid West Development Region,SDC = Swiss Develo pment CooperationSource: Data from project annual progress reports (2003); MOAC (2003)Chapter 10: Environmental Financing151
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
Page 118 and 119: Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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Page 122 and 123: managing solid waste. They are part
Page 124 and 125: In most municipalities, hazardous w
Page 126 and 127: in worsening public health conditio
Page 128 and 129: objects of archaeological, historic
Page 130 and 131: Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
Page 132 and 133: Department of Health Services (DOHS
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 describes the major highl
Page 136 and 137: the period to up 2017. The document
Page 138 and 139: earthquakes; and awareness raising
Page 140 and 141: Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
Page 142 and 143: Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
Page 144 and 145: (iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
Page 146 and 147: environmental governance can be bet
Page 148 and 149: can vary considerably. Both sides h
Page 150 and 151: Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
Page 152 and 153: Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
Page 154 and 155: . Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
Page 156 and 157: Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
Page 158 and 159: Some funding arrangements made by t
Page 160 and 161: (NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
Page 166 and 167: From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169: Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175: addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181: Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183: cooperative ventures provided neith
Page 184 and 185: further poaching has not been repor
Page 186 and 187: http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189: United Nations. 2003. World Populat
Page 190 and 191: how other countries with substantia
Page 192 and 193: (i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
Page 194 and 195: Although progress is encouraging, m
Page 196 and 197: Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
Page 202 and 203: well as other provisions in specifi
Page 204 and 205: Future Implications for NepalIncrea
Page 206 and 207: International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
Page 208 and 209: - Gross domestic product per unit e
Page 210 and 211: Time Series InformationGenerally tw
Page 212 and 213: Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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