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Different ways of maintaining biodiversity: in protected areas (Shey Phoksundo National Park, top) and throughindigenous agroforestry practices (shifting agriculture field, bottom)Elizabeth Kerkhoff IUCN46 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
access for people, as the majority of rural people stilluse forests as sources of fuelwood and fodder. A verycritical issue that has emerged is that of the lack ofcomparability of forest data. Unless comparable datais made available that covers all aspects of forestresources, it will be very difficult to designappropriate interventions for the different regions.BibliographyAnnapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP). 2002.“Information on the ACAP Activities.” AnnapurnaConservation Area Project, Pokhara.Biodiversity Profiles Project (BPP).1995. Biodiversity Profileof the High Mountains and High Himal PhysiographicZones. Biodiversity Profiles Project Publication No.14. Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal,Department of National Parks and WildlifeConservation.Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 1998. A Compendium onEnvironment Statistics 1998. Kathmandu.———.2002. A Handbook of Environment Statistics, Nepal2002. Kathmandu.———.2003. Population Monograph of Nepal, Vol. II.Kathmandu.———.2004. Handbook of Environment Statistics 2003.Kathmandu.Department of Forest Resources and Survey (DFRS). 1999.“Forest Resources of Nepal (1987–1998).”Publication No. 74, Department of Forest Resourcesand Survey, Kathmandu.Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation(DNPWC). 1999. Annual Report(1998–1999). Kathmandu.———.2000. Rhino Count 2000. Kathmandu.———.2001. Annual Report (2000–2001). Kathmandu.Department of Health Services (DOHS). 1999. AnnualReport (1997–1998). Kathmandu.Department of Plant Resources (DPR). 1999. Flora ofNepal: Management Document. Kathmandu.Disaster Prevention Training Center (DPTC). 1997. AnnualDisaster Review 1996. Kathmandu: Water InducedDisaster Prevention Centre.Environment and Public Health Organization(ENPHO)/Welink/Ministry of Population andEnvironment (MOPE). 2002. State of Rural Energy inthe Mountains, Nepal. Kathmandu.Environment Protection Council (EPC). 1993. NepalEnvironment Policy and Action Plan. Kathmandu.Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA).1993. Changes in the Terai Forests of Nepal(1964–1990). Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Governmentof Nepal, Department of Forest Resources andSurvey.Gurung, H. 1989. “Regional Patterns of Migration in Nepal.”Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No.113,East-West Institute, Hawaii.His Majesty’s Government of Nepal. 1997. “The Communityand Private Forestry Program in Nepal.” InternalReport, Department of Forest, Community andPrivate Forestry Division, Kathmandu.———.2000. “Institutionalizing Biodiversity Registration:Report on the National Workshop on BiodiversityRegistration in Nepal.” His Majesty’s Government ofNepal, National Planning Commission/Ministry ofForest and Soil Conservation.———.2001. Nepal Gazette. Section 51 and No. 36, andSection 53 and No. 31. Kathmandu: His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal Press, (31 December 2001(2058/9/16), and 17 November 2003 (2060/8/1).Japan Forest Technology Association (JAFTA). 2001.“Information System Development Project for theManagement of Tropical Forest.” Activity Report ofWide Area Tropical Forest Resources Survey(Kingdom of Nepal), Japan Forest TechnologyAssociation, Kathmandu.King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (KMTNC).1994. A Decade of Conservation and Development(1984–1994). Kathmandu.Lama, T.T., and J.R. Lipp. 1994. Annual Progress Report.Kathmandu: King Mahendra Trust for NatureConservation.Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP). 1986. “LandUtilisation Report.” His Majesty’s Government ofNepal, Survey Department/Land Resource MappingProject, Kathmandu.Manushi. 1996. Socio-economic and Environmental Impactof the Presence of Bhutanese Refugees on the LocalCommunity in Eastern Nepal. Kathmandu: UnitedNations High Commission for Refugees.Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). 1999. Statistical Informationon Nepalese Agriculture 1998/1999. Kathmandu.Ministry of Finance (MOF). 1999. Economic Survey(FY1998/1999). Kathmandu.———.2003. Economic Survey (FY2002/2003). Kathmandu.Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MOFSC). 1988.Master Plan for the Forestry Sector. Kathmandu.———. 1996. “Forestry Sector Policy.” Draft report, HisMajesty’s Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forestand Soil Conservation, Kathmandu.———.2002. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. Kathmandu.———.2003. National Wetlands Policy. Kathmandu.Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). 1999. “Loss of Lives dueto Flood and Landslides.” Unpublished, in records ofthe Ministry of Home Affairs, Kathmandu.Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE). 1997.Combating Desertification. Kathmandu.———.1997. Environment Protection Act 1996 andEnvironment Protection Regulations 1997.Kathmandu.Chapter 4: Forestry and Biodiversity47
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
Page 68 and 69: Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
Page 70 and 71: to intense weathering, and percolat
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
Page 76 and 77: species are reported to be endanger
Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
Page 86 and 87: load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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