ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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as data gathered by different agencies at differenttimes may be based on different definitions andmethodologies. Improvements are needed in allthese areas including presentation in spatial formsthat are recognizable, understandable, and based onreliable evidence. New technology has providedmany options for developing new information andhas facilitated monitoring over time. There are manyopportunities available and decision makers can nolonger afford to neglect these in their environmentaldecisions and actions.The information provided in the chapters issupplemented with an Annex containing a briefaccount of Nepal’s progress in fulfilling theMillennium Development Goals (MDG) commitments.4 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Chapter 2Rural Environment, Poverty,and LivelihoodIntroductionenvironment” refers to humansettlements in rural settings, their“Ruralsurroundings, and their interrelationships.It includes both natural and human-made or culturalenvironments. The natural environment compriseswater, air, soil, forests, pasture, wildlife, and so on,while the cultural environment includes settlementsand their patterns, transportation, technology,utilities, services and others. In Nepal, the Ministry ofLocal Development defines rural and urbanlocalities. Population size is the principal criterion forthis designation, but the threshold size of populationhas changed since the census year of 1952/1954 1 . Thepresent threshold population size for designatingmunicipalities was set in 1996 at 20,000 for the Teraiand 10,000 for the Hill and Mountain regions. Allsettlements with populations below these figures aredefined as rural localities.Rural environments in Nepal vary considerablywith variations in altitude. Over the country,elevations range from 90 to 8,848 meters above sealevel (masl). For socio-economic purposes, the 75administrative districts are identified as belonging toone of three regions: the Terai (the mostly low lyingarea along the southern border), Hills, andMountains. These regions have significantdifferences in topography, natural endowments,economic activities, and human occupancy withcorresponding implications for biodiversity anddevelopment activities.Rapid population growth, increasing density ofsettlements, degradation of land, loss of biodiversity,shortage of water, and changing weather events haveaffected food, health, incomes, and theenvironmental security of rural people. Livelihoods inrural areas, particularly in the hills and mountains,have been supported by a complex web of dynamicinteractions among the physical, cultural, andeconomic environments. A disruption in any oneFigure 2.1: People and Conservation ImprovingLivelihood and EcosystemsWellbeing of peopleFood, shelter,education, healthincome, spirituality,security, voice,dignity, equityAbility to use assetsCapacity to adaptResistance tovulnerabilitySource: IUCN Nepal (2002)component can disturb the delicate balance andthreaten the livelihood security of rural households.Neither nature nor the cultural environment is astatic entity—they change continually. However, thepresent rapid pace of change is very disruptive inrural areas. In areas with improved access,traditional farming systems are quickly movingtowards commercial farming, based more and moreon external market factors. Where access is poor anddifficult and resource degradation has continued,livelihood conditions have actually worsened.This chapter discusses population growth,settlements, services, and poverty and livelihood inthe context of rural Nepal.Rural PopulationArea of OverlapPeople’s actionimpacting onecosystemsEcosystems’ impacton peopleEcosystem ConditionEcosystem dynamicsProvision ofecological goods andservicesProtection of diversityResilience to change(e.g. climate)Growth and DistributionNepal is a rural nation, with over 86% of its 23 millionpeople living in rural areas (as of 2001, Table 2.1).The rural population is one of the fundamentaldriving forces influencing the environmentalresource base of the country. During the last fivedecades (1952–2001), both the total population and1Two Nepali years, approximately mid <strong>April</strong> 1952 to mid <strong>April</strong> 1954Chapter 2: Rural Environment, Poverty, and Livelihood5
Page 2 and 3: About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 International Centre for In
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9: PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237:
Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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