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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Collected for the Nepal State of the Environment ReportTopic Sources (Table 13.1b )Land: Deforestation 18, 10, 5, 43, 4, 23Land: Land Degradation 45, 18, 21, 5, 7, 23Land: Land Desertification 18, 2, 5, 25, 45Land: Land Use 18, 2, 5, 14, 30, 12,Land: Waste Disposal 18, 45, 4, 11Water: Inland Water P ollution 45, 38, 20Water: Utilization of Inland Water 9, 18, 2, 43, 9, 45, 33, 34Atmosphere and Climate: AirPollution45, 43, 18, 25, 22, 9, 15Atmosphere and Climate:Climate Change9Biodiversity 18, 7, 45Biodiversity: Loss of Aquatic fish 2, 18, 27, 4, 45Biodiversity: Wild Life Trade 4, 15, 45Biodiversity: Habitat 26, 7, 5Biodiversity: Protected Areas 28, 18, 45Population 18, 7, 36, 42, 40, 4, 1Education18, 3, 4, 42, 41, 39, 40, 6,30EIA = enviro nmental impact assessmentSource: ICIMOD and UNEP (2001)Topic Sources (Table 13.1b )Poverty 30, 4, 44, 41, 16, 37, 31Health18, 4, 41, 2, 6, 45, 17, 13,36, 31Industry 4, 14Agriculture 2, 18, 4, 19, 35Tourism—International/Internal 18, 4, 32Transportation 18, 4, 45, 15Energy 4, 43, 18Natural Disa ster 18, 21Economy and Employment 18, 4, 30Policies and Institutions 24, 29,Policies and Institutions: Statusof EIA7Policies and InstitutionsSignatories in Major GlobalConventionsEmerging Environmental IssuesTable 13.1b: Key to Dataset SourcesNumber Source1. Ministry of Local Development2. Ministry of Agriculture3. Ministry of Education and Culture4. Ministry of Finance5. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation6. Ministry of Health7. Ministry of Population and Environment8. Ministry of Water Resources9. Department of Hydrology and Meteorology10. Department of National Parks and Wild LifeConservation11. Department of Agriculture12. Department of Forest13. Department of Health14. Department of Mines and Geology15. Department of Transport Management16. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage17. Bir Hospital18. Central Bureau of Statistics19. Cotton Development Board20. CEMAT21. Disaster Prevention Technical Center22. Environment and Public Health Organ isation23. International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopmentSource: ICIMOD and UNEP (2001)Number Source24. Krishna Engineering Consultant25. Kathmandu Valley Vehicular Emission ControlProgramme26. Land Resources Mapping Project27. National Account of Nepal 1998 CBS/HMG:35pond+river28. National Biodiversity Action Plan HMG29. Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology30. National Planning Commission31. Nepal Rastra Bank32. Nepal Tourism Board33. Nepal Water Supply Corporation34. People and Resource Dynamics Watershed Project35. Pesticide data from records36. REGHED, Health Statistics of Nepal37. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project38. SMEC, Stanley International Ltd.39. Tribhuwan University40. United Nations Environment Programme41. United Nations Development Programme42. World Bank43. Water and Ene rgy Commission Secretariat44. World Health Organization45. Individuals198 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
ment. The data are collected regularly from districtand regional forestry offices through observation, totalcounting, and measurement, and the disaggregation isdistrict, regional, and ecological. The forest resourcesinventory is based on standardized statisticalmethods, and sample errors, standard errors, andvariation coefficients are computed. An AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) technical assistance report(ADB 2004) recommends that MOFSC strengthen itscapability in coordinating the production of importantstatistics on forestry and the environment to be able tofill the current data gaps.The CBS and the Department of Health Servicesof the Ministry of Health are the two major sources ofhealth and environment related statistics. TheDepartment of Health Services has an integratedhealth management information system that aims toencourage bottom-up planning from communitylevel to national level. About 400 indicators arecollected every month and about 100 derived fromdifferent reports. The indicators monitored concernchild health, reproductive health (safe motherhoodand family planning), and disease control. Despitemany social surveys being conducted, ADB (2004)points out considerable data gaps as well as thenecessity to allocate responsibilities for generatingsuch data to avoid duplication of functions.In addition, a number of other organizationsincluding research institutes, universities, NGOs, andindividual researchers collect data and information intheir areas of specialization as indicated in Table 13.1.Existing Environmental InformationCollecting, compiling, and harmonizing informationfrom different sources are often difficult tasks.Furthermore, collecting environmental data fromsecondary sources or descriptive data has proven tobe a daunting task in Nepal. The past study on theState of the Environment Nepal and the present studyare good examples and share the same experience.Except for data found in reports, reliable data arevery difficult to obtain and many institutions lack theproper data handling capability. The problemsinclude the fact that sources of environmental dataand information are generally diverse andincoherent; the marked unwillingness on the part ofmost of the institutions and individuals to share dataand information; and a lack of the datastandardization and consistency that would makethem usable under a common platform—often thereare simply no data available.Circulation of environmental information shouldbe stimulated at the national level. Issues emanatingfrom the present institutional context need to beaddressed to improve the environmental data andinformation available in Nepal.Integration and Analysis ofEnvironmental InformationThe information required for environmentalassessment and monitoring covers a wide spectrum.There is an increasing need for better integration ofenvironmental concerns into decisions that canaffect the environment in major economic andhuman activities such as energy, industry, transport,agriculture, and tourism. Information on the naturalresources base and environment is essential.Information on human activities impacting theenvironment, emission of pollutants, natural events,and human responses to environmental changes isequally important for assessing the ecosystem as awhole.Careful integration of environmental data intosocial and economic dimensions is increasinglyrecognized as vital for scientific understanding andsocietal decision making (Maclaren et al. 1994). Thishas a number of implications for the collection,management, and use of information, including thenecessity of synthesizing and presenting scientificand technical information in readable, usable form,and of displaying the links between environmentaland socioeconomic issues. Such integration can befostered by proper institutional mechanisms as wellas by using modern analytical tools and decisionsupportsystems, which will support betterunderstanding of environmental trends andconditions and help develop and implement policies,plans, and actions. The following section describesthe use of such modern scientific tools.Geographic Information Systems (GIS)Environmental problems have distinct spatial andtemporal dimensions. From an operationalstandpoint, data must be referenced geographically.Decisions related to the environment, protection ofbiodiversity, environmental damage due to naturalhazards, urban growth, and so on need informationthrough space and time. Due to the very highvariability in topography and ecologicalcharacteristics, Nepal poses challenges in compilingand analyzing such information.Advanced information communicationtechnology, GIS, and space technology represent anew generation of tools for scientific analysis.Myriads of these tools are converging and are nowavailable to quantify, model, document, anddisseminate information on key environmental andnatural resources conditions and trends. Theinformation thus generated is readily understood bypolicymakers and the public. GIS technology isChapter 13: Environmental Information, Analysis, and Integration199
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
Page 164 and 165: Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
Page 166 and 167: From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169: Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175: addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181: Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183: cooperative ventures provided neith
Page 184 and 185: further poaching has not been repor
Page 186 and 187: http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189: United Nations. 2003. World Populat
Page 190 and 191: how other countries with substantia
Page 192 and 193: (i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
Page 194 and 195: Although progress is encouraging, m
Page 196 and 197: Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
Page 202 and 203: well as other provisions in specifi
Page 204 and 205: Future Implications for NepalIncrea
Page 206 and 207: International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
Page 208 and 209: - Gross domestic product per unit e
Page 210 and 211: Time Series InformationGenerally tw
Page 214 and 215: elevant due to its multidisciplinar
Page 216 and 217: Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
Page 218 and 219: Judith DobmannThere are many source
Page 220 and 221: ———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
Page 222 and 223: sustainable livelihoods requires an
Page 224 and 225: and haphazard. Population pressures
Page 226 and 227: issue. These deficiencies stem from
Page 228 and 229: population must be assessed. MOEST
Page 230 and 231: Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
Page 232 and 233: (vii) The EIA report approving agen
Page 234 and 235: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237: Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239: Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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