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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plant Species in the WorldGroupsNepal World Species c Nepal’sShare (%)Species a Endemic species bNonflowering plantsAlgae 687 3 26,000 1.7Fungi 1,822 16 69,000 2.6Lichen 465 39 20,000 2.7Bryophytes 853 30 16,600 6.1Pteridophytes 380 8 11,300 3.2Non-flowering t otal 4,207 2.7Flowering plants total 5,884 246 220,529 2.4Source: a CBS (2003); b MOFSC (2002); c Wilson (1988; 1992)World Species c Nepal’sTable A4.2.4: Nepal’s Share in Animal Diversity in the WorldGroupsNepalSpecies a Endemic species b Share (%)ArthropodsInsects 5,052 5 1,000,000 0.44Butterflies and Moths 2,893 30 112,000 2.6Spiders 144 108 73,400 0.2Freshwater fishes 185 8 18,150 0.1HerpetofaunaAmphibians 43 9 4,184 1.0Reptiles 100 2 6,300 1.6Birds 844 2 9,040 9.3Mammals 181 1 4,000 4.5Source: a CBS (2003), B MOFSC (2002); c Wilson (1988; 1992)54 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Chapter 5Water ResourcesIntroductionWater is the most plentiful natural resource inNepal. The major sources of water areglaciers, rivers, rainfall, lakes, ponds, andgroundwater. Of these, rivers are the largest source interms of water volume and potential development.There are over 6,000 rivers in the country with anestimated total length of 45,000 kilometers (km)(DHM 1998). All large rivers are fed by snowmelt fromthe Himalayas and hence they are a renewable waterresource. The country has 660 lakes of more than 1hectare (ha). Big lakes are used for irrigation,hydropower generation, fishing, and others. About75% of the total annual rainfall (average 1,700 mm)falls during the summer monsoon season(June–September) during which major agriculturalactivities take place. Groundwater remains animportant source of water, particularly in the Terairegion and Kathmandu Valley.Surface Water DischargeSurface water is the major source of drinking waterin Nepal (WECS 2004). The major rivers of Nepal arethe Koshi, the Gandaki, the Karnali, and theMahakali, all of which originate in the Himalayas.Table 5. 1 shows the catchment area and dischargeof selected major rivers. The Koshi river basin is thelargest, covering a catchment area of 60,400 km 2 , ofwhich 46% lies in Nepal and the remainder in TibetAutonomous Region of the People’s Republic ofChina. It has an average runoff equivalent to 1,409cubic meters per second (m 3 /sec) at Chatara. Some23% of Nepal’s population live in this river basin. TheGandaki river basin in the central region includesabout 90% of the river’s total catchment area. TheKarnali and the Mahakali river basins lie in the westof Nepal. Some 22% of Nepal’s population live in theKarnali basin, which has a population density of 92persons per km 2 . The Mahakali River acts as theborder between Nepal and India. About 34% of itscatchment area lies in Nepal.The Babai, Bagmati, Kamala, Kankai, and WestRapti are medium-sized rivers originating from theMahabharat range. These rivers, like the Himalayanrivers, are perennial. The innumerable southernrivers originating from the Siwalik hill range areshallow and mostly dry up during the dry season.These rivers are used by the managed irrigationschemes of small-scale farmers for seasonalsupplementary irrigation. They often swell andoverflow due to monsoon rains, destroying land andlives. The forests once covering most of the Siwalikhills have become degraded (Chapter 4). Every yearflooding affects the Siwalik land including the forests.A study by The World Conservation Union (IUCN2000) indicates that due to forest degradation,surface runoff rates have increased in areas exposedTable 5.1: Water Discharge of Rivers, NepalRiver Basin1. Himalayan riversTotalCatchment Area(km 2 , estimated)in NepalAverageDischarge (m 3 /s)Annual Discharge(billion m 3 /year)Koshi 60,400 27,863 1,409 45.0Gandaki 34,960 31,464 1,600 50.0Karnali 43,679 41,058 1,397 44.0Mahakali 15,260 5,188 573 18.02. Mahabharat rivers 17,000 461 14.53. Siwalik rivers 23,150 1,682 53.0Total 145,723 7,122 224.5km 2 = square kilometer, m 3 /s = cubic meters per second, m 3 /year = cubic meters per yearSource: WECS (2004)Chapter 5: Water Resources55
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Page 72 and 73: Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
Page 114 and 115: ———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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