ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and Per Capita Income 65Table 6.2: Energy Consumption Pattern by Source 1993/94-2002/03 67Table 6.3: Energy Consumption by Sector (‘000 GJ) 67Table 6.4: Share of Energy Consumption by Sector 67Table 6.5: Hydropower Potential 68Table 6.6: Summary of Hydroelectric Development Opportunities 68Table 7.1: Catastrophic Air Pollution Episodes 81Table 7.2: Consumption of Petroleum Products 89Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal 96Table 7.4: Vehicle Emission Standards for Green Stickers 96Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Status 104Table 8.2: Summary of Urban Growth Trends in Nepal 1952/54-2001 105Table 8.3: Consolidated Revenues and Expenditures of Municipalities FY2004 114Table 9.1: Environmental Components of National Socioeconomic Development Plans (1956-2007) 120Table 10.1: Major Projects Funded by the National Agricultural Research and Development Fund (NARDF) 146Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expenditure of Community Forestry User Groups (NRs) 148Table 10.3: Users’ Share in Irrigation Project Construction 149Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benefits from Irrigation Projects 150Table 10.5: Major Grant Projects in the Forestry Sector (as of March 2005) 151Table 10.6: Major Grant Projects in the Agricultural Sector 151Table 10.7: Phase-wise Production of Biogas in Nepal 153Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas Plants 154Table 12.1: Direction of Foreign Trade (NRs million) 183Table 12.2: Trade/GDP Ratios 184Table 12.3: Selected Exports to India (value in NRs ‘000) 184Table 12.4: Selected Imports from India (Value in NRs ‘000) 185Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Major Commodities in Nepal’s Overseas Exports in FY2004 (2060/61)(NRs ‘000) 186Table 12.6: Major Trading Partners of Nepal: Exports (NRs ‘000) 186Table 12.7: Major Trading Partners of Nepal: Imports (NRs ‘000) 186Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Collected for the Nepal State of the Environment Report 198Table 13.1b: Key to Dataset Sources 198
Chapter 1OverviewIntroductionThere is increasing awareness of the need forreliable environmental information to informpolicy and planning for sustainable development.In many countries, however, it can be difficultto discover sources of, or gain access to, the appropriateinformation—even if it exists.The Asian Development Bank (ADB) environmentalpolicy requires environmental considerationsto be mainstreamed into both investment projectsand programs, and country and sector strategies. Asa contribution to this, a country environmentalanalysis (CEA) was prepared in 2004 as an input toADB’s country strategy and program for Nepal. TheCEA was prepared by the International Centre forIntegrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in linewith its aim as a mountain learning and knowledgecenter to gather and disseminate the informationneeded as a basis for the development ofeconomically and environmentally sound ecosystemswhile improving the living standards ofmountain populations.The CEA report contained a wealth of data andinformation that could be relevant for Governmentagencies, funding agencies, nongovernmentorganizations, academia, and other concernedparties. Thus ADB and ICIMOD agreed to develop thereport further and publish it for a wider audience; thepresent publication is the result. The aim was both todisseminate the findings of the CEA report morewidely, and to provide a broad list of sources thatwould provide a starting point for future researchersand practitioners in need of environmental data.Environmental data is still a new andincomplete area in Nepal. It can be difficult both todiscover what data are available and to obtain accessto them. Relevant data are scattered among manyinstitutions, and are often unpublished. There aremany gaps and inconsistencies, problems in dataquality, lack of clear information about methods anddefinitions used, lack of time series, and lack ofcomparability between different data sets. Theseissues have been highlighted in the appropriatesections in this book. Nevertheless, the informationpublished here provides a basis for assessing theChapter 1: Overviewstate of the environment in Nepal, as well as factorslike environmental governance, financing, and tradethat influence it. The extensive sources listed willprovide future researchers with a basis for identifyingnew sources of data for future work, and it is hopedthat the identification of gaps and needs willencourage further development of an“environmental statistics” culture in the country.OrganizationThis book is organized broadly into five parts. Thefirst comprises this overview chapter together withChapter 2, which discusses the relationships amongrural environment, poverty, and livelihood. Thelargely rural population of Nepal is still almost totallydependent on land, forest, and water resources fortheir livelihood. As resources become depleted ordegraded, resource rights, vulnerability, foodsecurity, marginalization, and resources-relatedconflicts have increased. Clashes between traditionaland contemporary systems of property rights areoften at the root of livelihood insecurity. Otherpressures on natural resources come from emergingmarkets, a growing population, and rapid expansionsof different types of infrastructure. While these are anintegral part of the present development scenario,environmental problems can no longer beoverlooked as people displaced by the loss ofenvironmental resources are easily pushed intoconflict situations.The overall environmental conditions of thecountry are described in the second part comprisingChapters 3 to 8. The main findings in these chaptersis summarised below.Nepal’s forest area in 1986 was 6.2 million ha.According to the most recent survey, based onsatellite imagery, the country now has 6.8 million haof forest and shrubland, with 37% of the land areacovered by forest and 9% by shrub. However, thesefigures do not differentiate in terms of crown cover orother measures of forest health. They may also behigher than in reality (see discussion in Chapter 3). Inthe absence of other energy sources, fuelwood is themain source of energy for cooking and heating. Thishas been the main cause of deforestation. The1
Page 2 and 3: About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 International Centre for In
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9: PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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