ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water Treatment Plant sTable 5.6: Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry SeasonSample Sites of Major Rivers inTDS DO BODpHDifferent Parts of Nepal(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)Mahakali at Pancheswar, far west 8.8 110.0 5.0
Other sources of drinking water also show poorquality. All the sources of water shown in Table 5.7are used for drinking purposes in Kathmandu Valley.None of the groundwater sources such as dug wells,deep tube wells, and stone spouts, or surface waterincluding ponds and rivers, or even piped water werefound to be consistently free from fecalcontamination. The degraded quality of groundwaterin the Valley is due to polluted surface water,leachate, and sewage.Groundwater is the main source of drinkingwater in the Terai region, meeting over 90% of thedemand. But a recent study carried out by the NepalRed Cross Society (NRCS 2003) indicated that all 20Terai districts of Nepal have shown arseniccontamination in groundwater. According to theWHO guidelines, water from about one third of thetotal 29,804 tube wells tested is not acceptable forhuman consumption as it contains arsenicconcentrations over 10 parts per billion (ppb).According to the Nepal Interim Standard of 50 ppb,water from 7% of the tube wells tested is notacceptable for consumption (Table 5.8). Based onwater analysis of sample tube wells in four Teraidistricts (Nawalparasi, Parsa, Bara, and Rautahat),NRCS (2003) has found an arsenicosis prevalencerate of 2.2% among the risk population who areconsuming water above 50 ppb. It is estimated thataround 0.5 million people in the Terai are living at riskof arsenic poisoning (>50μg/L).Table 5.9 shows the mineral and bacteriologicalcontents of water from tube wells at selected sites inthe Terai region. The concentration of iron andmanganese is on the whole higher than the WHOstandard. The water is also not free from coliformbacteria.The reports show that the quality of both surfaceand groundwater sources in different parts of Nepalis degraded. This is the result of contamination bydomestic and industrial waste, human-inducednatural disasters, and agro-chemicals, and the effectsof changes in land use patterns. All domestic sewersare discharged directly into rivers without treatment.Although this is primarily an urban problem, it alsoaffects neighboring rural areas. Industrial waste isalso a major cause of surface water pollution—40%of the country’s 4,271 industrial units are reported tobe water-polluting industries (CBS 1998). In terms ofrelative contribution of BOD load, the major pollutingindustries include vegetable oil, distillery, andleather. The average use of chemical fertilizers, suchas nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) perhectare has increased tremendously from 7.6 kg in1975 to 26.6 kg in 1998. However, the concentrationof these nutrients is within the permissible level forriver water quality. Finally, landslides, soil erosion,Table 5.7: Bacteriological Water Quality of Different Water Sources, Kathmandu ValleyFecal Coliform/100 ml Dug Well Tube wellValue as % of Sample Units (n =16)Deep aWellSpringStoneSpoutPondRiverPipeWaterWHOGuidelineValue0 0 60 80 40 20 0 0 60 01–100 40 30 15 30 40 0 0 20101–1,000 30 5 5 30 40 0 100 20>1,000 30 5 0 0 0 100 0 0ml = milliliter, n = number, WHO = World Health OrganizationSource: Pradhan (2000); a NWSC (2000)Table 5.8: Arsenic Sample Tests in Nepal by Different AgenciesSource of DataArsenic (ppb)10-50 >50Total Sample sTested% of SamplesTestedDWSS 6,769 2,023 1,217 10,009 33.58NRCS 6,536 2,709 503 9,748 32.71RWSSSP/ FINNIDA 3,131 306 191 3,628 12.17NWSC 16 14 0 30 0.10NEWAH 235 85 29 349 1.17Plan International 2,778 2,171 70 5,019 16.84RWSSFDB 887 122 12 1,021 3.43Total Samples Tested 20,352 7,430 2,022 29,804 100.0% 68.29 24.9 6.78 100ppb = parts per billion , DWSS = Department of Water Supply a nd Sewerage, FINNIDA = Finnish International Development Agency , NEWAH = Nepal Water forHealth, NRCS = Nepal Red Cross Society, NWSC = Nepal Water Supply Corporation, RWSSFDB = Rural Water Supply and Sa nitation Fund Developme nt Board,RWSSSP = Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ProgramSource: Sijapati et al. (2003)Chapter 5: Water Resources59
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
Page 68 and 69: Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
Page 70 and 71: to intense weathering, and percolat
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
Page 76 and 77: species are reported to be endanger
Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
Page 86 and 87: load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
Page 114 and 115: ———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
Page 118 and 119: Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
Page 120 and 121: accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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