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International Trade Forum (ITN). 2001. “Interview withFriedrich von Kirchbach.” In International TradeForum, Issue 1, International Trade Centre, Geneva.IUCN (The World Conservation Union). 2004. Urban AirQuality Changes and Policy Measures: A Review ofRecent Conditions in Nepal. Kathmandu.Jha, V. 1999. Trade and Environment—An Agenda forDeveloping Countries. Jaipur: Consumer Unity TrustSociety.Khor, M., ed. 1996. “Environment Debate Heating Up.”Penang: Third World Network. Available:http://www.sunsonline. org/trade/areas/environm/07050196.htmMainali, L. undated. “Implementation Status ofEnvironmental Conventions in Nepal.” Presentationat IUCN Nepal, Kathmandu.Ministry of Finance (MOF). 2004. Economic Survey(FY2004/2005). Kathmandu.Nepal Development Forum (NDF). 2004. “Trade SectorDevelopment.” Kathmandu: His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, Ministry of Finance. Available:http://www.ndf2004.gov.np/ncc.phpNational Planning Commission (NPC). 2004. “ProgressReport on Poverty Reduction: An Assessment of theTenth Plan (PRSP) Implementation.” His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, National PlanningCommission, Kathmandu.Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study (NTCS) .2003. “AStudy Conducted as Part of the IntegratedFramework for Trade Related Technical Assistance.”In Nepal Trade Competitiveness Study. Kathmandu.Pokharel, S. 2003. “The Dirty Dozen.” In EnvironmentNepal, Kathmandu. Available:http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/articles_d.asp?id=258Sapkota, T.P. undated. “Implementation of MultilateralEnvironmental Agreements (MEAs ) on Green SectorEnvironment in Nepal: An Overview.” Presentation atThe World Conservation Union (IUCN) NepalCountry Office, Kathmandu.Sharma, R.P., and M.K. Karkee. 2004. “Introduction andOverview.” In Implications of the WTO Membershipon the Nepalese Agriculture, edited by R.P. Sharma,M.K. Karkee, and L.K. Gautam. Kathmandu: Foodand Agriculture Organization/United NationsDevelopment Programme/ His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture andCooperatives.Shrestha, P.M. 2004. “Process of Nepal’s Accession to theWTO and its Implication for Nepal.” Presented at aDiscussion Program on Legal Regime on Nepal’sRatification to the WTO, organized by Action AidNepal, and Law Associates Nepal, Kathmandu.Shrestha, P.R., and B.M. Shakya. 2002. “Status ofStandardization and Conformity Assessment inNepal.” Country Paper (Nepal). World Trade NetTropical Workshop on Business Implications for thePrivate Sector in Asia of the WTO-TBT Agreement,Manila, the Philippines, 3–5 December . PrivateSector in Asia under WTO-TBT Agreement. (3–5December). Available: http://www.intracen.org/worldtradenet/docs/whatsnew/tbt_philippines_dec2002/country_paper_nepal.pdfSouth Centre. 1996. Liberalization and Globalization:Drawing Conclusion for Development. Geneva.Stevens, C. 1993. “Harmonization, Trade and theEnvironment.” International Environmental Affairs5(1): 42–49.Tiwari, S., J. Robinson, and G. Amatya. 2003. “PromotingSustainable Livelihoods of Poor and Dalits throughCommunity Based Approaches to Conservation andSustainable Management of Medicinal and AromaticPlants in Doti District: Experience of IUCN Nepal.”Paper presented at the National Workshop on LocalExperience Based National Strategy for OrganicProduction and Management of Medicinal andAromatic Plants/Non Timber Forest Products inNepal. Organized by Ministry of Forests and SoilConservation in collaboration with InternationalDevelopment Research Centre and the CanadianCooperative Office, Kathmandu.Trade Promotion Centre .2004. Nepal Overseas TradeStatistics 2003–2004. Kathmandu.Third World Network (TWN). 2005. The World TradeOrganisation: Trade and Environment Position Paperof the Third World Network. Penang, Malaysia.United Nations (UN). 1992. “Rio Declaration onEnvironment and Development, Annex I.” Report ofthe United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment. Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June, 1992.Available: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htmUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP).undated. Part 4 Environment Factors and TradingOpportunities. UNDP SEED. Available:http://www.undp.org/seed/guide/tradeenv/tradenv4.htmUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1999.“Trade Liberalization and The Environment: LessonsLearned from Bangladesh, Chile, India, Philippines,Romania and Uganda: A Synthesis Report.” Nairobi.———.2003. “Global Environment Outlook 3: Past ,Present, and Future Perspectives.” Nairobi. Available:http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/index.htmWorld Trade Organisation (WTO). 1998. “UnderstandingThe WTO Agreement on Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures.” Geneva. Available:http://www.wto.org/english/%20tratop_e/envir_e/envir_backgrnd_e/c1s1_e.htm———.2001. “Matrix on Trade Measures Pursuant toSelected Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs),” (WT/CTE/W/160/Rev.1). Geneva.———.2005. “Trade and Environment During the GATT.”Environment Backgrounder: Brief History Of TheTrade and Environment Debate, Geneva. Available:http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_backgrnd_e/c1s1_e.htm192 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Chapter 13Environmental Information,Analysis, and IntegrationIntroductionDecision-making on complex issues related tothe environment and natural resources mustbe based on accurate data. The synthesis andanalysis of basic environmental data yields theinformation that is the precondition for developingpolicy framework, policy design, and the plans andprograms for environmental and natural resourcemanagement. Concern for environmental issues inNepal has increased in recent years. As thepopulation at large becomes sensitized to environmentalissues, there is a growing interest in analyticaldata and indicators of the state of the environment.The demand for environmental information isescalating, and governments and civil societystakeholders have been the driving forces on boththe supply and the demand sides. Good, reliable dataon Nepal are recognized as a fundamental toolneeded for development. Developing and usinginformation and knowledge are therefore essentialparts of environmental planning and managementfrom local to national levels. The use of suchinformation leads to greater transparency and bettergovernance, and hence plays a crucial role inenvironmental management. It is the foundationupon which many analytical and decision-makingprocesses are based, which in turn are theprecursors for effective actions on the ground.Although over the years considerable environmentaldata and information have been compiled byvarious institutions, aid projects, and individualresearchers working on different projects andprograms, they have been difficult to access. Dataappearing in isolated reports are often dispersed,heterogeneous, and inaccessible; more often thannot, they are insufficiently relevant in terms ofcontinuity and reliability. Without an appropriateframework and mechanisms for data sharing, timeand resources are wasted in duplicating efforts fordata collection and management. Public and privateenvironmental institutions and bodies in Nepal haveaccumulated environmental data and information onnatural resources and environmental conditions.These databases lack a centralized data pool andunified standards. There is no national databaseintegrating all the sectoral data, nor are there anydata linkages that would allow sharing of the existinginformation.Role of Environmental Information inDecision MakingDetermining the need for environmental informationis perhaps the first step towards assessingenvironmental conditions at local, regional, andnational levels. Efforts to improve environmentalconditions are based on the assumption that rationalenvironmental planning and management resultsfrom informed decision making. Environmentalinformation for decision making gained specialattention following the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 andwas further emphasized at the World Summit onSustainable Development in 2002. The summitunderlined the importance of improved availability ofinformation on all aspects of environment anddevelopment as well as the need for improvedcollection and presentation of data and informationfor decision making. Goal 7—environmentalsustainability—of the United Nations’ MillenniumDevelopment Goals specifies key targets andindicators, and highlights the need to promote anduse environmental data and information to tackleand monitor pressing environmental problems.Some of the targets and indicators related to Goal 7are shown below. (More details on the Goals areprovided in the Annex at the end of this book).Target 9: Integrate the Principles of SustainableDevelopment into Countries’ Policies andPrograms and Reverse the Loss of EnvironmentalResources.Indicators:– Proportion of land area covered by forest– Land area protected to maintain biologicaldiversityChapter 13: Environmental Information, Analysis, and Integration193
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Page 158 and 159: Some funding arrangements made by t
Page 160 and 161: (NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
Page 164 and 165: Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
Page 166 and 167: From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169: Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175: addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181: Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183: cooperative ventures provided neith
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Page 186 and 187: http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189: United Nations. 2003. World Populat
Page 190 and 191: how other countries with substantia
Page 192 and 193: (i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
Page 194 and 195: Although progress is encouraging, m
Page 196 and 197: Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
Page 202 and 203: well as other provisions in specifi
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Page 208 and 209: - Gross domestic product per unit e
Page 210 and 211: Time Series InformationGenerally tw
Page 212 and 213: Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
Page 214 and 215: elevant due to its multidisciplinar
Page 216 and 217: Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
Page 218 and 219: Judith DobmannThere are many source
Page 220 and 221: ———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
Page 222 and 223: sustainable livelihoods requires an
Page 224 and 225: and haphazard. Population pressures
Page 226 and 227: issue. These deficiencies stem from
Page 228 and 229: population must be assessed. MOEST
Page 230 and 231: Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
Page 232 and 233: (vii) The EIA report approving agen
Page 234 and 235: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237: Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239: Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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