ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental Institutions in NepalParliament Council of Ministers Supreme CourtCIVIL SOCIETYParliamentary Committee on NaturalResources and Environmental ProtectionNational Development CouncilPRESSNGOs, INGOsNational Planning CommissionACADEMICINSTITUTIONSEnvironment ProtectionCouncilNational Commission onSustainable DevelopmentMEDIANational BiodiversityCoordination CommitteeKey MinistriesWater and EnergyCommissionLOCAL BODIESDONORSEnvironment,Science andTechnologyForest andSoilConservationIndustry,Commerceand SuppliesAgricultureandCooperationLocalDevelopmentWaterResourcesINGO = international nongovernment organization, NGO = nongovernment organizationSource: Compiled from various sourcesIn spite of this large number of stakeholderinstitutions and good intentions on the part of allconcerned, performance on environmental mattersremains poor. The most serious impediment toprogress on environmental issues remains the lack ofinter-stakeholder coordination. This lack ofcoordination has led the different agencies to work inisolation and has impeded addressing environmentalmanagement in a holistic manner. Stakeholdersneed to be networked and streamlined to maximizebenefit from their joint efforts. The hierarchicallinkages of key environmental institutions are shownin Figure 9.1.Role of Key EnvironmentalStakeholdersParliamentary Committee on NaturalResources and Environmental ProtectionThe Parliamentary Committee on Natural Resourcesand Environmental Protection provides guidance toand oversees government actions in initiating naturalresources conservation and environmentalprotection. As a legislative body, the Committee alsohas authority to give directives to, and seekinformation and clarification from, the executivebranches of the Government on natural resourcesand the environment. The committee is headed byan independent chairperson elected from among themembers of Parliament.National Development CouncilThe National Development Council is the highestpolicy-level body of the country and is chaired by theprime minister. The council is mandated to provideguidance over major policy issues and periodicplans, including all aspects of natural resourcesconservation and environmental protection. It iscomposed of all cabinet ministers, all members ofthe NPC, chairpersons of the various parliamentarycommittees and selected chairpersons of the DDCs,and the leader of the main opposition party in thehouse, as well as other prominent parliamentarians,representatives of key private sector organizations,and intellectuals. The NPC serves as the secretariatof the Council.Environment Protection CouncilThe Environment Protection Council is a high-levelnational body focusing on management andprotection of the environment; it is chaired by theprime minister. It was established in 1992 andcomprises ministers of relevant ministries, seniorcivil officials, representatives of NGOs and the privatesector, and individual environmental professionals.MOEST is the secretariat of the Council.128 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
The Council provides guidance on theformulation of environmental policies, their legalframework, procedures, and policy implementation.It provides guidance on the management of naturaland physical resources and coordinates environmentalactivities among the relevant nationalagencies, taking into account the EIA of projectdevelopments, dissemination of information on theenvironment, and promoting environmentalawareness and education.JudiciaryThe judiciary is the guardian of the constitutional andlegal system of a country. It is responsible for theprotection of constitutional and legal rights. Most ofthe legal norms related to sustainable developmentconcern people’s basic rights like the right todevelopment, right to information on the exploitationof natural resources, right to a healthy environment,right to participate in decision making, right to a fairand equitable share of the fruits of development, andso on. When the judiciary plays an effective role toprotect these rights, it leads towards achievingsustainable development (HMG 1990).Nepal has a pyramid judicial structure, with asingle Supreme Court at the apex, 11 AppellateCourts, and 75 District Courts. Under the Constitution,the King at the recommendation of the JudicialCouncil appoints Supreme Court judges, a bodycomposed of senior judicial officers. Supreme Courtjudges can only be removed on the stated groundspursuant to a determination by a two-thirds majorityof a sitting House of Representatives. The Judicialcouncil may remove lower court judges from officefollowing a recommendation to that effect. The Actalso provides for independence of the judiciary.The Judiciary has promoted the developmentand enforcement of legal norms in the field ofsustainable development by exercising its powersunder Part 11 of the Constitution and by theprovisions of other Acts and Regulations adopted bythe Government from time to time (HMG 1990).Article 88 (2) of the Constitution has conferred suchpowers to the judiciary, which are extremelyimportant for the enforcement of legal norms relatedwith sustainable development.National Planning Commission (NPC)Chaired by the prime minister, the NPC is anautonomous government body charged withformulating all national and sectoral policies, anddevelopment of periodic plans, as well as short-termand long-term plans and programs. The Governmentappoints the members of the NPC, including the vicechairman.It has an environment division headed byone of its members responsible for policy planning,Chapter 9: Environmental Governanceprogramming, budgeting, monitoring, and review ofall environment-related activities in the country.Ministry of Environment, Science andTechnology (MOEST)MOEST was established as a new Ministry mandatedto carry out environmental activities early in 2005following dissolution of the Ministry of Populationand Environment (MOPE). After the establishment ofMOEST, the environment division of MOPE wasmoved to this Ministry.MOPE had been created in September 1995 toact as the focal point for the interrelated areas ofpopulation and environment. Its main responsibilitiesincluded (i) formulation and implementation ofpolicies, plans, and programs; (ii) preparation of acts,regulations, and guidelines; (iii) undertaking surveysand research studies; (iv) dissemination of information;(v) monitoring and evaluating programs; and(vi) human resources development for theenvironment sector.MOPE’s scope of work included two broadcategories of activities: primary and supportive.Primary functions included activities executed on theinitiative of the ministry in cooperation with otheragencies. Cooperation and assistance extended toother ministries and agencies in executing their ownprograms and activities are the supportive functions.With the environment division now moved toMOEST, MOEST has taken over all the environmentalfunctions of MOPE.Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation(MOFSC)The MOFSC is responsible for formulating andimplementing plans, policies, laws, and programs forthe conservation of forest resources and theirmanagement; as well as for administering andmonitoring their implementation. The ministry alsoprepares guidelines and manuals for forestrydevelopment, conservation and protection ofbiodiversity and wildlife, soil conservation,watershed management, and protected areas.MOFSC operates through five central departmentsand a research center.(i)(ii)(iii)The Department of Forest administers theforests and rangelands throughout thecountry, which account for about 47% of thetotal area of Nepal;The Department of Plant Resources isresponsible for botanical research on forestspecies and their promotion;The Forest Products Department Boardpromotes the economic and sustainableutilization of wood, medicinal and aromatic129
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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Page 122 and 123: managing solid waste. They are part
Page 124 and 125: In most municipalities, hazardous w
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Page 128 and 129: objects of archaeological, historic
Page 130 and 131: Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
Page 132 and 133: Department of Health Services (DOHS
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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Page 140 and 141: Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Page 148 and 149: can vary considerably. Both sides h
Page 150 and 151: Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
Page 152 and 153: Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
Page 154 and 155: . Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Page 158 and 159: Some funding arrangements made by t
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Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
Page 164 and 165: Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
Page 166 and 167: From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169: Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175: addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181: Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183: cooperative ventures provided neith
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Page 186 and 187: http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189: United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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