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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Census Indicators 2001 &Trends. Kathmandu.International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD) and United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP). 2001. “StrengtheningEnvironment Assessment and MonitoringCapabilities in Nepal.” State of the EnvironmentDatabase Report (Internal Report), Kathmandu.International Council for Science (ICSU). 2002. “MakingScience for Sustainable Development More PolicyRelevant: New Tools for Analysis.” ICSU Series onScience for Sustainable Development No. 8, Paris.Kurik, O., and H. Verbruggen. 1991. Search of Indicators ofSustainable Development. The Netherlands: KluwerAcademic Publisher.Mool P.K., S.R. Bjaracharya, and S.P. Joshi. 1999. Inventoryof Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and GLOFs in Nepal.Kathmandu: International Centre for IntegratedMountain Development.Mountain GIS Portal, International Centre for IntegratedMountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.Available: www.icimod-gis.netRajbhandari L. “Water Quality Modeling in Jikhu KholaWatershed.” Integrated Water ResourcesManagement Training Course Compendium,MENRIS-ICIMOD, and ITC-Netherlands.Rhind, D. 1997. Framework for the World. New York: JohnWiley and Sons.Rump P.C. 1996. State of the Environment Reporting:Source Book of Methods and Approaches. Nairobiand Ottawa: United Nations EnvironmentProgramme and Environment Canada.Shrestha, A., B. Bajracharya, and B. Rajbhandari. 2005.“GLOF Hazard Impact Assessment in SagarmathaNational Park.” Draft Report, MENRIS-ICIMOD,Kathmandu.Shrestha, B. and S. Pradhan. 1999. Kathmandu Valley GISDatabase—Bridging the Data Gap. Kathmandu:International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment.Shrestha, B., B. Bajracharya, S. Pradhan, and L.Rajbhandari. 2003. GIS for Municipal Planning—ACase Study from Kirtipur Municipality. Kathmandu:International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2001.Nepal: State of the Environment. Bangkok: UnitedNations Environment Programme, RegionalResource Center for the Asia Pacific.———.2005. One Planet Many People, Atlas of ourChanging Environment. Nairobi.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) andInternational Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment (ICIMOD). 2001. “State of theEnvironment Nepal.” Unpublished database,ICIMOD, Kathmandu.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1999.“State of the Environment Data Collection andReporting Training for South Asia.” United NationsEnvironment Programme- Environment AssessmentProgramme for the Asia Pacific, Bangkok.———.2001. “Impact of Environmental Information onDecision-Making Processes and the Environment.”Arendal Occasional Paper 01 2001, United NationsEnvironment Programme/GRID-Arendal. Available:http://www.grida.no/impact/papers/fullimpact.pdfUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) andUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP).1994. Core Environmental Datasets (Vol I and II).Nairobi and New York.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP-GLOBIO.2005. The Fall of the Water. United NationsEnvironment Programme Regional Resource Center:for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok. URL:www.rccap.unep.prgWoerden, J.V. 1999. “Data Issues of Global EnvironmentReporting: Experience from GEO-2000.” UnitedNations Environment Programme, Nairobi.206 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Chapter 14Emerging PrioritiesIntroductionThis chapter brings together the issues andpriorities raised in the previous chapters.Because of the environment’s strong linkageswith livelihood activities and people’s wellbeing, inboth rural and urban areas, it can no longer beviewed in isolation as say only overcoming air andwater pollution, critical as these environmentalproblems may be. The challenge for the future is tomove away from narrow sectoral thinking andaction. While efforts to develop organizations withcross-cutting mandates have not been verysuccessful, and sectoral organization will still be thepreferred choice for development activities, thechallenge for integration, coordination, synthesis,aggregation, and disaggregation into sectoralresponsibilities based on a holistic vision and workplan must now be resolved by those responsible forpreparing interactive, up-to-date, knowledge-basedsystems of information networks and systems. Thischapter discusses these key areas of focus in Nepal’senvironmental management.Promoting Integrated EcosystemManagement and SustainableLivelihoodsSustainable Use of Resource Endowmentsand Ecological NichesPast approaches regarding the management ofnatural resources and the reduction of poverty inrural areas of Nepal must be re-examined andreviewed. The Poverty Reduction StrategyProgramme has been given the highest priority in thecurrent Tenth Plan, but the environment and naturalresources have not. This is worrying since thelivelihood of the majority of Nepalese depends onsubsistence agriculture and natural resources.Mountain households are neither able to generateeconomic surplus from subsistence activities nor tofind stable off-farm employment. Unlessemployment and income opportunities aredeveloped locally, the traditional reliance onsubsistence activities is unlikely to alleviate thechronic and growing poverty in the mountain areas.The sustainable way to promote new employmentand income opportunities would be to use theresource endowments and comparative advantagesof ecological niches in a sustainable manner. Thechallenge is to transform the prevailing subsistenceorientedagricultural mode of economic productioninto one complemented by commercial sources ofincome. This will entail providing equitable access togainful and sustainable markets within the scope ofresource endowment and the comparativeadvantages of ecological niches. It will also benecessary to give project implementers sufficientlatitude to discover the best ways to tackle problems,and to remember that this type of approach is stillvery new; the lessons have yet to be learned.Past experience has indicated that biodiversityin rural areas provides many valuable environmentalgoods and services that are fundamental for meetingthe basic needs of the poorest of the poor (MOFSC2002). Agricultural households have understood theneed for integrated management of plants, soil, andwater resources—yet protecting these continues tobe dealt with separately by developmentorganizations. The promotion of economically andenvironmentally sound energy practices, theconservation of energy resources, and thedevelopment of alternative energy systems are allcritical to reducing the pressure on limited naturalresources. Similarly, many green enterprises such asnon-timber forest products (NTFPs), medicinalplants, ecotourism and other income generatingactivities are necessary but cannot continue with adegrading resource base. Understanding thevaluable contribution that traditional knowledge canmake to sustainable resources management,promoting its use, and recognizing it legally willrequire many innovations in institutionalmechanisms. However, all of these changes areunlikely to occur if the local people who are theguardians of the local resources do not have a voiceregarding the access to, control, and management ofthese resources. Seeking opportunities to supportChapter 14: Emerging Priorities207
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175: addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181: Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183: cooperative ventures provided neith
Page 184 and 185: further poaching has not been repor
Page 186 and 187: http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189: United Nations. 2003. World Populat
Page 190 and 191: how other countries with substantia
Page 192 and 193: (i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
Page 194 and 195: Although progress is encouraging, m
Page 196 and 197: Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
Page 202 and 203: well as other provisions in specifi
Page 204 and 205: Future Implications for NepalIncrea
Page 206 and 207: International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
Page 208 and 209: - Gross domestic product per unit e
Page 210 and 211: Time Series InformationGenerally tw
Page 212 and 213: Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
Page 214 and 215: elevant due to its multidisciplinar
Page 216 and 217: Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
Page 218 and 219: Judith DobmannThere are many source
Page 222 and 223: sustainable livelihoods requires an
Page 224 and 225: and haphazard. Population pressures
Page 226 and 227: issue. These deficiencies stem from
Page 228 and 229: population must be assessed. MOEST
Page 230 and 231: Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
Page 232 and 233: (vii) The EIA report approving agen
Page 234 and 235: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237: Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239: Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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