ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Department of Health Services (DOHS). 2001. AnnualReport 2000/01. Kathmandu.Department of Transport Management (DOTM). 2005.Unpublished data accessed from record files,Department of Transport Management, Kathmandu.Department of Urban Development and Housing (DUDH).2005. “Outer Ring Road Land Development Project-Concept Paper.” Third draft (unpublished), HisMajesty’s Government of Nepal, Ministry of PhysicalPlanning and Works, Kathmandu.Devkota, N. and D. Ghimire. Undated. “Outer Ring Road inthe Kathmandu Valley—Part of Development Plan ora Plan in Itself?” Unpublished report, Kathmandu.Dhakal, S. 2003. “Bagmati Under Threat.” Spotlight (23)1June 27–July 03. Available: http://www.nepalresearch.org/archive/ nature/pollution/archiveHis Majesty’s Government of Nepal (HMG) and UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP). 1994.“Urban Environment Program: Main Document.”Unpublished report, Environment ProtectionCouncil, Urban Environment ManagementCommittee, Ministry of Housing and PhysicalPlanning, Kathmandu.IUCN (The World Conservation Union). 1992.Environmental Pollution in Nepal: A Review ofStudies. Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government ofNepal, National Planning Commission-NationalConservation Strategy Implementation Programme.———.1999. Environmental Planning and Management ofthe Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, Ministry of Population andEnvironment.Joshi, J. 1999. Housing and Urban Development in Nepal:Analysis and design of participatory developmentprocess. Kathmandu: Lajmina Joshi.———.2000. Planning for Sustainable Development: UrbanManagement in Nepal and South Asia. Kathmandu:Lajmina Joshi.Joshi, P.S. 2004. “Future of Kathmandu Valley—ThePlanning Initiatives, Containment Policy andProposed Outer Ring Road.” In Voices of Cities, 4(2)edited by B. Mainali, Municipal Association of Nepal,Kathamandu.Ministry of Law and Justice (MOLJ). 1999. Local Self-Governance Act 2055 (1999). Kathmandu.National Planning Commission (NPC) and United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP). undated.“Sectoral Reports for Sustainable DevelopmentAgenda for Nepal.” Draft report. His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, National PlanningCommission and United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, Kathmandu. Available:http://www.scdp.org.np/sdanNepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ) andEnvironment Support Fund (ESF). 2004. ProjectCompletion Report. Environmental Support Fund forNon-Governmental Organisations and Community-Based Organisations in Nepal, Kathmandu.Nippon Jogesuido Sekkei Co Ltd Japan et al. 2002. “Urbanand Environmental Improvement Project Nepal.”Final Report: Volume I Main Report. Kathmandu,Asian Development Bank and His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planningand Works, Department of Urban Development andBuilding Construction.Phuyal, S. 2003. “How Have-nots are Forced to Pay forCrimes of Haves.” Kathmandu Post, June 1.Available: http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/articles_d.asp?id=133Pradhan, P.K. 2004. “Population Growth, Migration andUrbanisation, and Environmental Change inKathmandu Valley, Nepal.” In Environmental Changeand its Implications for Population Mitigation editedby J. Unruh, M. Krol and N. Kliot Kluwer TheNetherlands: Academic Publishers.Sharma, P. 2003. “Urbanisation and Development.” InPopulation Monograph of Nepal Volume I.Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal,Central Bureau of Statistics.Solid Waste Management and Resource MobilisationCentre (SWMRMC). 2004. “A Diagnostic Report onState of Solidwaste Management in Municipalities ofNepal.” Final Report. Lalitpur.Thapa, Kishore (N.D.). “Urban Land Pooling Policies inNepal and Experiences in Implementation,Kathmandu, Nepal.” Unpublished.Urban Development Through Local Efforts (UDLE). 1992.Urban Environmental Guidelines for Nepal.Kathmandu: Urban Development Through LocalEfforts Project, German Technical Cooperation(GTZ).United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2001.Nepal: State of the Environment 2001. Bangkok:United Nations Environment Programme, RegionalResource Center for the Asia Pacific.URBAIR. 1996. Urban Air Quality Management Strategy inAsia, Kathmandu Valley Report. The InternationalBank of Reconstruction and Development/ TheWorld Bank, Washington DC.WaterAid. 2004. The Water and Sanitation MillenniumDevelopment Targets in Nepal: What do they mean?What will they cost? Can Nepal meet them? Lalitpur.118 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
Chapter 9Environmental GovernanceIntroductionGovernance is traditionally understood to meancontrol, rules, or administration by a state oversociety by the former exercising its power todirect, manage, and regulate citizens’ activities in thebest interest of the country. The United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) definesgovernance as the “exercise of economic, politicaland administrative authority to manage a country’saffairs at all levels” (UNDP 1997). The quality ofgovernance depends on the capacity and vision ofthe Government to design, formulate, implement,and monitor policies and to perform its duties.Good governance is participatory, peopleoriented,and involves government bodies, privatesector agencies, social groups, communities, and thecivil society at large in the process.It is transparent and accountable andhonors rights of the people to participate inthe decision making that affects their life.Critical aspects of governance denotedifferent aspects of good governance. It iseffective in making the best use ofresources and it is equitable. It promotesthe rule of law (UNDP 1997).Good governance controls the misuse of naturalresources and promotes their sustainable managementand use. Good governance encourages localleadership and decentralization of power to thegrassroots level and builds local capabilities. Goodgovernance promotes sustainable economicdevelopment that is linked with the sustainability ofthe natural environment, and promoting conservationand sustainable use of natural resources tomeet present needs without compromising theneeds of future generations. Good governanceincludes implementation and evaluation of acountry’s commitments to different internationalenvironmental conventions, treaties, and protocols ithas signed. It includes mobilization of requisiteresources from different sources.Environmental Governance inNepalEnvironmental governance in Nepal includes keyelements of environmental policy and strategyplanning; development and implementation of plansand programs at national and local levels;development and enforcement of environmentallaws and regulations, norms, and standards; andestablishment and operation of environmentalinstitutions that supervise, execute, and monitor allaspects of the process. The judiciary impartsenvironmental justice to the citizens and safeguardsthose rights.Environmental Policies, Plans, andPrograms in NepalPlanned development in Nepal has been ongoingsince introduction of the First Five Year Plan in 1956.Since then, ten periodic national development planshave been implemented—one for three years(1962–1965) and the others for five years each. Themost recent one, the Tenth Plan, covers the periodfrom 2002 to 2007. 1The National Planning Commission (NPC),which is the agency responsible for formulating plansand policies on national and sectoral development,guides all socioeconomic development planning inNepal. The 10th Five-Year Plan (2002–2007), clearlystates that poverty reduction is and remains thecornerstone development objective of Nepal.Whenever possible, the NPC has attempted tointegrate environmental issues with sustainabledevelopment and poverty reduction. Nepal hasalways recognized the value of protecting its naturalresources. From the beginning of the 8th plan period(1992–1997), environmental issues have beenconsistently included in Nepal’s socioeconomicdevelopment plans.1Planning is carried out recording to the Nepali year, which starts and ends around mid April. Thus, for example, the plan for 2002 to 2007 is for five years from midApril 2002 to mid April 2007.Chapter 9: Environmental Governance119
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
Page 114 and 115: ———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
Page 118 and 119: Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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Page 122 and 123: managing solid waste. They are part
Page 124 and 125: In most municipalities, hazardous w
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Page 128 and 129: objects of archaeological, historic
Page 130 and 131: Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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Page 140 and 141: Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
Page 142 and 143: Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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Page 148 and 149: can vary considerably. Both sides h
Page 150 and 151: Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
Page 152 and 153: Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
Page 154 and 155: . Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
Page 156 and 157: Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
Page 158 and 159: Some funding arrangements made by t
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Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Page 166 and 167: From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169: Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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