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Available:h t t p : / / w w w . s u n s o n l i n e .org/trade/areas/environm/07050196.htmKumar, S., A.K. Sinha, and N. Prakash. 1994. “Cultural andWater Bonds.” Water Nepal 4 (1): 62–66.Libiszewski, S. 1995. “What is an Environmental Conflict.”Environment and Conflict Project, ENCOPOccasional Paper, <strong>Centre</strong> for Security Studies ,Zurich, Swiss Peace Foundation.Martin, E.D. and R. Yoder. 1987. “Institutions for IrrigationManagement in Farmer-managed Systems:Examples from the Hills of Nepal.” InternationalIrrigation Management Institute, Sri Lanka. Available:http://www.sristi.org/cpr/cpr_detail.php3?page=16&Mode=InstitutionsMason, R. 1996. “Market Failure and EnvironmentalDegradation.” In The Economics of EnvironmentalDegradation: Tragedy of the Commons? Edited byT.M. Swanson, pp. 29–54. Brookfield, VT: EdwardElgar.Matthew, R.A., M. Brklacich, and B. McDonald. 2004.“Analysing Environment, Conflict and Cooperation.”In Understanding Environment, Conflict andCooperation, pp.16–<strong>18</strong>. Nairobi: United NationsEnvironment Programme. Available:http://www.unep.org/pdf/ECC.pdfMEG. 1996. Personal Communication to Metals EconomicsGroup Halifax, Canada.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Working Group (MEA).2003. Ecosystem and Human Well-being, AFramework for Assessment. London: Island Press.Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE). 2000.State of the Environment Nepal. Kathmandu.Murphy, M.L., K.P. Oli, and G. Stephan. 2004. Conservationin Nepal: A Review of Impact from the MaoistsConflict. Kathmandu: The World Conservation Union(IUCN).Murshed, S.M. and S. Gates. 2003. Spatial-HorizontalInequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal. Paperprepared for the United Nations University/ WIDERProject Conference on Spatial Inequality in Asia,28–29 March, United Nations University <strong>Centre</strong>,Tokyo. 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Kathmandu: Pro Public.Shrestha, K., and J. Grosen. 2000. “Protection Versus ActiveManagement of Community Forests.” In: CommunityForestry in Nepal: Proceedings of the Workshop onCommunity Based Forest Resource Management,November 20–22, Godawari, Lalitpur: JointTechnical Review Committee.Shrestha, T.B. 2001. Status Review National Strategies forSustainable Development Forest/Rangeland/Biodiversity. Paper submitted to the WorldConservation Union (IUCN). Available:http://www.nssd.net/country/nepal/nep09.htmSiwakoti-Chintan, G. 2003. “Request for a review of <strong>ADB</strong>policy compliance in case of Kali Gandaki “A” andMelamchi projects in Nepal and undertakenecessary remedial actions in case of both projects.”Letter sent to the <strong>ADB</strong> President and Secretary ofMinistry of Water Resources by the Water and EnergyUsers’ Federation—Nepal (WAFED). June 27.Kathmandu: Available: http://www.forumadb.org/PDF-Manila/wafed_melamchi&kalijun03.pdfSpringate-Baginski, O., N. Yadav, O.P. Dev, and J. Soussan.2003. “Institutional Development of Forest UsersGroups in Nepal.” Journal of Forest and Livelihood3(1) 21–35.Swain, A. 2002. “Environmental Cooperation in SouthAsia.” In Environmental Peacemaking edited by K.Conca and G.D. Dabelko, pp. 61–85. Washington, DC,Baltimore, and London: Woodrow Wilson CenterPress/Johns Hopkins University Press.Swanson, T.M. 1996. “The Economics of EnvironmentalDegradation: An Institutional Approach.” In TheEconomics of Environmental Degradation: Tragedyfor the Commons? Edited by T. M. Swanson.Cheltenham: United Nations EnvironmentProgramme and Edward Elgar.The <strong>Himalayan</strong> Times. 2003. “Dam Puzzle.” 29 July.Available: http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/articles_d.asp?id=152The Rising Nepal. 2004. “Rautes Against JungleEncroachment.” 4 January. Kathmandu. Available:http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/pageloader.php?file=2004/03/15//topstories/main7Tiwari, S., J. Robinson, and G. Amatya. 2003. “PromotingSustainable Livelihoods of Poor and Dalits throughCommunity Based Approaches to Conservation andSustainable Management of Medicinal and AromaticPlants in Doti District: Experience of IUCN Nepal.”Paper presented at the National Workshop on LocalExperience Based National Strategy for OrganicProduction and Management of Medicinal andAromatic Plants/Non Timber Forest Products inNepal. Organized by Ministry of Forests and SoilConservation in collaboration with InternationalDevelopment Research <strong>Centre</strong> and the CanadianCooperative Office, Kathmandu.Chapter 11: Environment and Conflict: A Review of Nepal’s Experience173
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc