ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, January to December 2003Source: Data MOPE (2003); basemap:ICIMOD (1996)Figure 7.4: NO 2 values in the Kathmandu ValleyFigure 7.5: SO 2 values at different sites in Kathmanduμg/m 3 = microgram per cubic meter, NO 2 = nitrogen dioxideData source: MOPE (2004)μg/m 3 = microgram per cubic meter, SO 2 = Sulfur dioxideData source: MOPE (2004)84 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
undated) revealed that lead is still present inKathmandu’s air despite the introduction ofunleaded petrol. Lichens were transplanted tovarious places in Kathmandu to act as bioindicators.The highest concentrations of lead were found indense traffic areas like Tripureshwor, Ratnapark,Bhadrakali, Gaushala, and Kalanki. Theconcentration of lead in transplanted lichen speciesranged from 20 to 27 mg/kg.The threat of benzene is now of concern alsosince the replacement of leaded petrol. Benzene isused in gasoline instead of lead to boost the octane.The octane number, which measures the anti-knockcharacteristics of fuel, is an important performancecriterion for fuel. Internationally, most countries haveensured that there should be minimum levels ofbenzene in gasoline, generally less than 1%.However, fuel quality data from Nepal Oil Corporationshow levels as high as 3–5% benzene found ingasoline samples in Nepal.A three-week study conducted by the ESPS andthe then Ministry of Population and Environment(MOPE) during January and February 2002 at sevenlocations in Kathmandu found weekly averages ofambient benzene concentrations as high as 77 μg/m 3in Putalisadak, known as a high traffic area, but verylow concentrations at Matsyagaon, a village locatedat the edge of the south-eastern part of KathmanduValley, about 150m above the valley floor (Figure 7.6).Other high traffic zones at Chabahil, Paknajol, andPatan had values of 44 μg/m 3 , 30.3 μg/m 3 , and 23.3μg/m 3 , respectively.In November 2003, Bossi collected two samplesof total PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) from fivedifferent monitoring stations in Kathmandu andanalyzed them in Denmark. Total PAH is the sum ofall PAHs analyzed, which in this case includedacenaphthene, fluorine, phenanthrene, fluoranthene,anthracene, 2-methylphenathrene, chrysene,benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)fluoranthene, pyrene,Figure 7.6: Benzene Concentration in Kathmandu Valleybenzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e) pyrene, pyrylene,indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene anddibenzo(a,h)anthracene). The samples taken fromsites at Patan Hospital, Putalisadak, Thamel, andBhaktapur had PAH concentrations of 2.32, 3.16, 3.23,and 4.30 μg/m 3 respectively—three times higher thanthe European Union recommended level (1 μg/m 3 ).The only place where the concentration was belowthis level was in Matsyagaon.Bossi also measured PAH levels on September<strong>18</strong>, 2003, which was a Nepal Bandh (enforcedclosure or “strike”) day when there were very fewvehicles on the streets. The level of PAH was aboutone-fifth of the level recorded during a normalweekday in November (Figure 7.7). This indicatesclearly that vehicles are the main source of thepollution.As a result of the high concentration of benzenein petrol, the ambient concentration of benzene inKathmandu’s air is at dangerous levels. Benzene, aknown carcinogen, causes leukemia among others.Therefore in the interest of the health ofKathmandu’s residents it has become urgent toaddress the problem of benzene in air.Indoor Air QualityThe use of biomass fuels such as wood, dung,agricultural waste, and charcoal as cooking andheating fuel is the principle cause of indoor airpollution in the rural areas of Nepal. Poverty is one ofthe main barriers to the adoption of cleaner fuels,and the slow pace of development implies thatbiofuels will continue to be used by the poor. Limitedventilation increases exposure in poor households,particularly for women and young children as theyspend long periods of time indoors.The smoke from biomass fuels is a complexmixture of aerosols containing significant amounts ofcarbon monoxide (CO), suspended particulateFigure 7.7: Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Levelμg/m 3 = microgram per cubic meterSource: MOPE (2004)μg/m 3 = microgram per cubic meterSource: MOEST (undated)Chapter 7: Air Pollution and Climate Change85
Page 2 and 3:
About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 4 and 5:
© 2006 International Centre for In
Page 6 and 7:
AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9:
PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11:
Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 12 and 13:
List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15:
Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17:
forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19:
as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21:
Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23:
mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25:
Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27:
soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31:
provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33:
Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35:
Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37:
Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39:
Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41:
In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43:
Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45:
Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47:
Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
Page 68 and 69: Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
Page 70 and 71: to intense weathering, and percolat
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
Page 76 and 77: species are reported to be endanger
Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
Page 86 and 87: load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
Page 92 and 93: IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
Page 114 and 115: ———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
Page 118 and 119: Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
Page 120 and 121: accommodate the rapidly increasing
Page 122 and 123: managing solid waste. They are part
Page 124 and 125: In most municipalities, hazardous w
Page 126 and 127: in worsening public health conditio
Page 128 and 129: objects of archaeological, historic
Page 130 and 131: Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
Page 132 and 133: Department of Health Services (DOHS
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 describes the major highl
Page 136 and 137: the period to up 2017. The document
Page 138 and 139: earthquakes; and awareness raising
Page 140 and 141: Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
Page 142 and 143: Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
Page 144 and 145: (iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
Page 146 and 147: environmental governance can be bet
Page 148 and 149:
can vary considerably. Both sides h
Page 150 and 151:
Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
Page 152 and 153:
Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
Page 154 and 155:
. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
Page 158 and 159:
Some funding arrangements made by t
Page 160 and 161:
(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
Page 162 and 163:
Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
Page 164 and 165:
Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
Page 166 and 167:
From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169:
Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171:
microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173:
subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175:
addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177:
historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179:
moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181:
Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183:
cooperative ventures provided neith
Page 184 and 185:
further poaching has not been repor
Page 186 and 187:
http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189:
United Nations. 2003. World Populat
Page 190 and 191:
how other countries with substantia
Page 192 and 193:
(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
Page 194 and 195:
Although progress is encouraging, m
Page 196 and 197:
Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
Page 198 and 199:
Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
Page 200 and 201:
Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
Page 202 and 203:
well as other provisions in specifi
Page 204 and 205:
Future Implications for NepalIncrea
Page 206 and 207:
International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
Page 208 and 209:
- Gross domestic product per unit e
Page 210 and 211:
Time Series InformationGenerally tw
Page 212 and 213:
Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
Page 214 and 215:
elevant due to its multidisciplinar
Page 216 and 217:
Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
Page 218 and 219:
Judith DobmannThere are many source
Page 220 and 221:
———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
Page 222 and 223:
sustainable livelihoods requires an
Page 224 and 225:
and haphazard. Population pressures
Page 226 and 227:
issue. These deficiencies stem from
Page 228 and 229:
population must be assessed. MOEST
Page 230 and 231:
Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
Page 232 and 233:
(vii) The EIA report approving agen
Page 234 and 235:
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237:
Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239:
Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
show all

ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?