ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

Sanitary Landfill Site and Land-fillingLand-filling is a commonly used method for solid waste disposal. A landfill site is first selected considering presentuse and value of land; available area and potential life of landfill; the site’s soil and topography, geology, andhydrology; haulage distance; and settlements near the site. The selected site is developed into a proper landfill siteby providing drainage, access, and other structures and facilities necessary for a landfill operation. Operation involveslaying the waste in layers, compacting it, and covering it with earth at the end of each day’s operation. Many landfillsites around the world have been poorly engineered and operated, and hence face vociferous public opposition andcriticism for their adverse environmental impacts. The decomposition of the organic matter in a landfill site produceshighly polluting liquid, called leachate, and gases (mainly methane and carbon dioxide). Leachate can percolate down,causing groundwater pollution. Methane is a combustible gas and explosive when its concentration in air is between5% and 15%. Methane can accumulate below buildings or other enclosed spaces on or close to a landfill, posing riskof explosion. Other common concerns related to land-filling are odor; litter blown by the wind; scavenger birds, rodentsand insects attracted by the organic refuse; and dust and noise generated by the heavy trucks and equipment usedin transporting waste and operating the landfill.Because of the concerns arising from poor operation and management, siting and operation of landfill sites isa very sensitive public issue in Nepal. For a decade or so Kathmandu city has been facing a severe problem indisposing of its solid waste. In the early 1990s, people near the then-existing landfill site at Gokarna opposed thelandfill and obstructed its operation many times, resulting in waste accumulation on the streets of Kathmandu forseveral days, or inappropriate disposal of waste along the riverbanks. Later when the life of the Gokarna landfill sitewas finished, no other landfill site could be identified within the Valley due to public opposition, and Kathmandu’srefuse continued to be disposed of along the riverbanks. In 2005, authorities reached an agreement with local peopleto operate a short-term (2-year) landfill at Sisdol with a plan to prepare a long-term landfill site at Okharpauwa in thesame locality.Shortcomings in planning and design as well as poor operation and management are the primary causes ofpublic opposition to landfill sites. State-of-the art practice requires improvements in the way landfill sites are planned,designed, operated, and managed. A landfill site needs to have a buffer zone separating it from settlements and publicplaces, a liner should be placed at the bottom of the landfill site to control flow of the leachate to the groundwater,leachate should be collected and treated, and gases (particularly methane) need to be collected and either safelyvented or used as fuel, in addition to compaction and daily covering of the waste put in layers. Besides, waste maybe segregated into decomposable, reusable, recyclable, and the rest. Not all waste needs to be land-filled:decomposable waste can be converted into compost, and reusable and recyclable waste could be sold. Thedecomposable fraction of waste typically exceeds 60% in Nepal and is the one that produces leachate, gases, andattracts birds and insects. Separating this from the remaining waste not only reduces the volume to be land-filled(thus increasing the life of the landfill), but also reduces the chances of adverse environmental problems and publicopposition.Lalitpur MunicipalityOpen Dumping of Medical WasteSuch a state has many adverse environmentalconsequences. In the first place, it is aestheticallybad, causes bad smells, and is a nuisance to thepublic. Refuse also attracts animal scavengers andpests, can be a breeding place for disease-vectors,and can be hazardous to human health. Uncollectedrefuse gets into drains and blocks them, causingdisruption to drainage and sewerage systems.Irregular collection encourages people to burn wastewhich contains plastics and chemicals—the resultingemissions have long-term health implications. Therefuse also produces leachate that can contaminatesurface water and groundwater if not handledproperly. Haphazard solid waste collection is also asource of air pollution. Overall, unmanaged solidwaste not only causes significant adverse impacts onpublic health and the environment but alsodeterioration in the quality of life of people.Chapter 8: Urban Environment109