ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People and Conservation Improving Livelihood and Ecosystems 5Figure 2.2: National, Rural, and Urban Population Growth Rates, Nepal 6Figure 2.3: Contributions by the Primary and Non-primary Production Sectors to National GDP 25Figure 2.4: Trends in Cultivated Area of Selected Crops, Nepal (1996-2002) 27Figure 3.1: Land Degradation and Financial Loss Due to Floods and Landslides 33Figure 4.1: Protected Areas in Nepal 43Figure 5.1: Water Quality Change in the Bagmati River, Kathmandu Valley 58Figure 5.2: Proportion of Water-related Diseases to Total Outpatient Department Visits, Nepal 61Figure 6.1: Power Development Map of Nepal: Major Power Stations, Transmission lines, and Substations 75Figure 7.1: Environment Sector Program Support (ESPS) Monitoring Stations 82Figure 7.2: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in Kathmandu (2003/04) 83Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, January to December 2003 84Figure 7.4: NO 2 values in the Kathmandu Valley 84Figure 7.5: SO 2 values at different sites in Kathmandu 84Figure 7.6: Benzene Concentration in Kathmandu Valley 85Figure 7.7: Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Level 85Figure 7.8: LIDAR Observation 87Figure 7.9: Vehicle Registered in Nepal 88Figure 7.10: Pollutants Monitored at Tikathali 89Figure 7.11: Total Energy Consumption by Residential Sector 89Figure 7.12: Air Pollution Level in Kathmandu and Incidence of Chronic Distructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) Patients as a Percentage of All Patients 91Figure 7.13: Observed Mean Annual Temperature Trend (°C) per Decade for the Period [1981-1998] 92Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitation 94Figure 7.15: Trends of Annual Precipitation (mm) per Decade for the Period (1981–1998) 94Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental Institutions in Nepal 128Figure 10.1: Development Outlay in Major Sectors (1985–2007) 144Figure 10.2: Program Cost in the Natural Resource Management Sector 144Figure 10.3: Budget Allocation for Different Programs in the Forestry Sector 144Figure 10.4: Government Revenue from Protected Areas (excluding the Annapaurna andManaslu Conservation Areas) 148Figure 10.5: Community Savings and Biodiversity Funds in Protected Areas 149Figure 13.1: Relationships among Indicators, Data, and Information to Meet Users’ Needs 194Figure 13.2: Framework for an Environmental Information Database 195Figure 13.3: Examples of Information Layers for Nepal prepared using data from Government Sources 200Figure 13.4: Mapping of Socioeconomic Indicators Using Census Information – Sources of DrinkingWater 200Figure 13.5: Examples of Environmental Applications of GIS 201Figure 13.6: Examples of Applications of Remote Sensing in Environmental Studies 202Figure 13.7: Framework for Environment and Natural Resources Information and DecisionSupport Systems 203List of TablesTable 2.1: Population Growth Rates 6Table 2.2: Distribution, Density, and Growth of Rural Population by Region 6Table 2.3: Cultivated and Forest Land by Region, Nepal, 2001 7Table 2.4: Literacy Status of the Rural Population (6 years of age and above) 7Table 2.5: Performance of Rural and Urban Areas Regarding Basic Facilities and Development, 2001 8Table 2.6: Migration of Population, Nepal, 2001 9Table 2.7: Rural and Urban Migration by Region, 2001 9Table 2.8: Distribution of Settlement Localities, 1991 and 2001 10Table 2.9: Distribution of Settlement Localities and their Population by Region, 1991 11
Table 2.10: Distribution of Settlement Localities and their Population by Region, 2001 11Table 2.11: Road Density by Region, Rural Area and Urban Area 12Table 2.12: Electricity Connection to Households 13Table 2.13: Irrigation Facilities, 2000 13Table 2.14: Health Service Accessibility 15Table 2.15: Education Accessibility 15Table 2.16: Selected Health Indicators 16Table 2.17: Common Diseases by Region 17Table 2.18: Ten Leading Diseases, 2001 17Table 2.19: Incidence of Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) per ‘000 PopulationBelow 5 years of Age 18Table 2.20: Distribution of Households by Main Fuel Used for Cooking 18Table 2.21: Malnourished Children Below Age 3 (%) 18Table 2.22: Status and Target of Health-Related Indicators, 2001 18Table 2.23: Household Accessibility to Drinking Water by Sources, Nepal 19Table 2.24: Existing and Projected Rural Population Drinking Water Coverage 20Table 2.25: Toilet Accessibility by Region and Rural-Urban Areas 20Table 2.26: Wastewater (Sewage) Generation (‘000m 3 ) 20Table 2.27: Percentage of Households with Access to Sanitary Facilities (Drains) 21Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicators in 1996 (Poverty Line: NRs 4,404/person/year) 22Table 2.29: Some Indicators of Poverty 22Table 2.30: Poverty and Human Development by Caste and Ethnicity 22Table 2.31: Change in Employment Structure by Major Industries (economically active population10 years of age and above) 24Table 2.32: Percentage Distribution of Economically Active Population by Major IndustrialSectors and Region, 2001 24Table 2.33: Percentage Distribution of Economically Active Population by Major Industrial Sector forRural and Urban Areas, 1991-2001 24Table 2.34: Contribution to GDP by Sector (%) 25Table 2.35: Households Having Agricultural Land, Livestock, and Poultry by Region, 2001 25Table 2.36: Share of Household Income by Source (%) 25Table 2.37: Area and Fragmentation of Landholdings 26Table 2.38: Cultivated Area of Selected Crops by Region (ha) 27Table 2.39: Food Production and Requirement (tons) 27Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic Density, 2001 32Table 3.2: Distribution of Land Uses by Region 32Table 3.3: Change in Agricultural and Forest Lands by Region 33Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion Rates at Selected Sites in Nepal 34Table 3.5: Loss of Lives and Property by Different Types of Disasters in Nepal in 2002 37Table 3.6: Disaster Casualties 1995-2002 37Table 4.1: Distribution of Forest Resources by Region, 2000 39Table 4.2: Change in Forest and Shrub Cover (%) 40Table 4.3: Proportion of Forest Area by Region (ha) 40Table 4.4: Ecosystems in Protected Areas 42Table 4.5: Wetland Types in Nepal 45Table 5.1: Water Discharge of Rivers, Nepal 55Table 5.2: Water Availability and Use by Sectors, Nepal 56Table 5.3: Type of Water Sources Used by Households 57Table 5.4: Household Access to Drinking Water Sources (%) 57Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water Treatment Plants 58Table 5.6: Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry Season 58Table 5.7: Bacteriological Water Quality of Different Water Sources, Kathmandu Valley 59Table 5.8: Arsenic Sample Tests in Nepal by Different Agencies 59Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow Tube Wells in the Terai Region 60Table 5.10: [Theoretical] Sewerage Coverage in Nepal 60Table 5.11: Aquatic Macro-invertebrates in Kathmandu Valley and the Country 62
Page 2 and 3: About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 International Centre for In
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9: PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63:
———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65:
Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67:
Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75:
Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83:
Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
Page 236 and 237:
Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239:
Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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