ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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© 2006 International Centre for Integrated Mountain DevelopmentAsian Development BankAll rights reserved. Published 2006.Cover photo:Background - View of the Kathmandu Valley (M. Bajracharya)Inset - Clockwise from top left - Deforestation (NEFEJ);Water Scarcity (M. Bajracharya); SAFA Tempos (B. Pradhan);Biodiversity (ICIMOD file photo)This publication was prepared by staff and consultants of theInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)in collaboration with Asian Development Bank (ADB).The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views and policies of the ADB or its Board ofGovernors or the governments they represent, or of ICIMOD.Use of the term “country”, or borders shown on maps, do not implyany judgment by the authors, ICIMOD, or the ADB as to the legal orother status of any territorial entity or area of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.ICIMOD and ADB do not guarantee the accuracy of the data includedin this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequenceof their use.Asian Development BankICIMODNepal Resident MissionKhumaltar, LalitpurSrikunj, Kamaladi, Ward No. 31 GPO Box 3226Post Box 5017Kathmandu, NepalKathmandu, Nepal Tel (+977 1) 5525313Tel: +977 1 422 7779 Fax (+977 1) 5524509Fax: +977 1 422 5063icimod@icimod.orgadbnrm@adb.orgwww.icimod.orgwww.adb.org/nrmAsian Development Bank/ICIMOD. 2006. Environment Assessment ofNepal: Emerging Issues and Challenges. Kathmandu.Printed in NepalISBN-10 92-9115-004-5 (printed)ISBN-13 978-92-9115-004-5 (printed)ISBN-10 92-9115-005-3 (electronic)ISBN-13 978-92-9115-005-2 (electronic)Publication Stock No. 020706
ForewordThe critical role of the environment in enabling and sustaining poverty reduction is magnified withinmountainous ecosystems such as those found in Nepal. For this reason, the International Centre forIntegrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) was engaged to work with the Asian Development Bank(ADB) and the Government of Nepal to develop this publication.The ADB’s environment policy requires environmental considerations to be mainstreamed not only intoinvestment projects but also into ADB’s country and sector strategies. This important thematic work—thecountry environmental analysis (CEA)—informed ADB’s current country strategy and program for Nepal, andprovided the basis for the present publication.The CEA provides an analysis of environmental status and trends in the country; the policy, legal andinstitutional framework for environmental management; and major environmental issues and opportunities.Review of available documents, update of the relevant information, and consultations with relevantstakeholders were conducted while undertaking the CEA and preparing this publication.This publication also serves to demonstrate ADB’s and ICIMOD’s strong commitment to developing southAsia’s environment knowledge base further, to disseminating the information widely, and to providing criticallyneeded environment assessment information to policy makers, researchers and development practitioners forthe development of economically and environmentally sound ecosystems while improving the living standardsof mountain populations.The report contains a wealth of data and information and highlights key environmental issues, emergingproblems, and strategic priority areas. It seeks to provide a critical analysis of the impacts of policy, the status ofenvironmental governance, and financing mechanisms.This publication is the result of close collaboration between ADB and ICIMOD. Sungsup Ra, the SeniorProgram Specialist, and Nogendra Sapkota, Social and Environment Officer, Nepal Resident Mission (NRM),supervised the study on behalf of ADB. Basanta Shrestha and Bidya Banmali Pradhan provided overall guidanceto the ICIMOD team of consultants comprising Mahesh Banskota, Govinda Raj Bhatta, Bandana Pradhan, andDrona Ghimire. We believe that this publication will be used widely within and beyond Nepal.____________ ________________ __________________Kunio Senga Sultan Hafeez Rahman J. Gabriel CampbellDirector General Country Director Director GeneralSouth Asia Department Nepal Resident Mission International Centre forAsian Development Bank Asian Development Bank Integrated Mountain Development
Page 2 and 3: About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9: PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 42 and 43: Mountain areas have the most food i
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55:
The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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