ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

therefore reflect the three guiding principlesdiscussed above: (i) Promotion of indigenousrenewable energy sources, (ii) Appropriate mixes ofenergy sources, and (iii) Increasing efficiency. A welldevisedsystem of subsidies, taxes, levies, andincentives is necessary for this to be realized. Theyshould favor efficiency measures as well asenvironmentally sound energy production—pricingof energy could utilize the “polluter pays” principleand reflect external damage costs to health, property,and the environment. The demand for importedfossil fuels could be lowered through levies andchanges in energy subsidies, energy efficiency inindustries could be promoted through tax rebates foradopting energy-efficient technologies, and so on.Energy should be available to all users at anaffordable price. Scarcity of money is the immediateproblem for the poor and this is frequently a greaterconcern for them than the shortage of energy, so costis a major barrier to adoption of energy-efficientdevices by the poor. The poor are forced to useinefficient end-use devices and fuels that areavailable free or cheaply because they lack money topurchase better choices, although at the end of theday, if all the direct and indirect costs are accountedfor properly, they may be paying more per unit ofdelivered energy-services.BibliographyBasnyat, M.B. 2004. “Rural Electrification ThroughRenewable Energy in Nepal.” World Review ofScience, Technology and Sustainable Development,1(1): 74–80. Available: http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&rec_id=4857&prevQuery=&ps=10&m=orBhattarai, L.N. 2005. “Chilime Hydroelectric Project: AnInitiative of Nepalese Expertise and NationalResources.” The Water Resources Magazine, Vol. 1,pp 56–68. Kathmandu: M.Sc. Water ResourcesEngineering Program, Tribhuban University Instituteof Engineering.Biogas Support Programme (BSP). 2005. “Biogas Nepal2004.” Lalitpur, Nepal.Bluden, J., and A. Reddish. 1991. Energy, Resources andEnvironment. United Kingdom. Hodder andStoughton.Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 1998. A Compendium onEnvironment Statistics 1998. Kathmandu.———.2002. A Handbook of Environment Statistics, Nepal2002. Kathmandu.———. 2004. Handbook of Environment Statistics 2003.Kathmandu.Gubhaju, S.R. 1994. Impact of Damming on the AquaticFauna in Nepalese Rivers: Cold Water Fisheries inthe Trans-Himalayan Countries. Available:http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y3994E/Y3994E00.HTMInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) and World Bank. 2004. The Little GREEN DataBook 2004, World Development Indicators 2004.Washington, DC: World Bank.Ministry of Finance (MOF). 2003. Economic Survey(FY2002/2003). Kathmandu.Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE). 2003.State of the Environment (Rural Energy).Kathmandu. Available: http://www.mope.gov.np/environment/state.phpNational Planning Commission (NPC). 2002. Tenth Plan(2002–2007). Kathmandu.National Planning Commission (NPC) and Ministry ofPopulation and Environment (MOPE). 2003.Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal.Kathmandu.National Planning Commission (NPC) and United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP). undated.“Sectoral Reports for the Sustainable DevelopmentAgenda for Nepal,” Draft reports, National PlanningCommission, and United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, Kathmandu. Available:http://www.scdp.org.np/sdan/Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). 2003. Nepal ElectricityAuthority, Fiscal Year 2002/2003—A Year in Review.Kathmandu.———.2005. Nepal Electricity Authority, Fiscal Year2004/2005—A Year in Review. Kathmandu.Nepal, G. 2005. “A Study on Analysis of Rural EnergyProgrammes With Respect to Their Linkages WithPoverty Alleviation.” Unpublished report prepared forAlternative Energy Promotion Center, Energy SectorAssistance Programme, Kathmandu.United States Agency for International Development(USAID)/South Asia Regional Initiative (SARI). 2002.Regional Hydropower Resources: Status ofDevelopment and Barriers—Nepal. Kathmandu:Nexant SARI/Energy.World Commission on Dams (WCD). 2000. Dams andDevelopment: A New Framework for Decision-Making. London: Earthscan. Available:http://www.dams.org/report/———.2001. Follow up on Final Report. Available:http://www.dams.org/report/followups.htm———.1996. Energy Synopsis Report: Nepal 1994/1995.Kathmandu.———.2002. Water Resources Strategy Nepal. Kathmandu.———.2004. National Water Plan (2002–2027).Kathmandu.80 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges