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Chaturvedi 2003, Adhikari 2004). The long-termimpacts on national biodiversity, genetic pool, localfood security, and protection of local innovation andtraditional knowledge are still being discussed. Withthe collapse of American leadership on internationalenvironmental issues, Europe now leads inpromoting new environmental standards (Boyer2001) and it is not clear how this will proceed.Adequate capacity and resources for research,analysis, information, local registration, andmaintaining a local registry are important practicalaspects for the future. This subject is still developing,and Nepal must do a significant amount ofhomework as it shares a common endowment andheritage in genetic resources, medical tradition, andagricultural practices with many South Asiancountries.Trade Environment SurveillanceWe know very little about the complex relationshipbetween trade and environment. Interest in thissubject grew only after the WTO agreement, whichmade it necessary to improve understanding of thetechnical aspects of trade and environment.Ignorance in this respect can be very costly in termsof the loss of export markets. Understandingdomestic trade and its environmental aspects alsoneeds to be significantly improved. In the long runthe need to improve domestic standards is veryapparent, especially regarding agricultural products.Nepal is a signatory to many different types of tradingregimes—bilateral, regional, and international. It isnot yet clear how each of these arrangements isserving the interests of the nation and what impacteach has on the environment. Unless trade andenvironment are closely monitored in their differentsettings, our capacity to negotiate better economicand environmental deals may be severelycompromised in the future.BibliographyAdhikari, D.R. 2004. “From Pollution to Responsibility.” InThe Kathmandu Post. 6 June. EnvironmentKathmandu.Available:http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/articles_d.asp?id=255Adhikari, R. 2004. “TRIPS Agreement: Implications forBiodiversity and Poverty in Nepal.” Kathmandu:South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics andEnvironment (SAWTEE)Ahmed, S., and Z. Sattar. 2004. “Impact of TradeLiberalization: Looking at the Evidence.” Economicand Political Weekly, 39(36): 4059–67.Andrew, D., K. Dahou, and R. Steenblik. 2004. “AddressingMarket Access Concerns of Developing CountriesArising From Environmental and HealthRequirements: Lessons From National Experiences.”OECD Trade Policy Working Paper, No. 5, Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD). Available:http://webdomino1.oecd.org/olis/ 2003doc.nsf/43bb6130e5e86e5fc12569fa005d004c/028bb89ef4f06073c1256f19003c65dd/$FILE/JT00169927.PDFBanskota, M. 2005. “Sustainable Human Development.” InThe Environmental Perspective: General Overviewand Nepal’s Experience. Paper prepared for UnitedNations Development Programme Nepal.Bardhan, P. 2001. “Social Justice in the Global Economy.”Economic and Political Weekly 36(5 and 6): 467–480.Bhagawati, J. 2001. “Growth, Poverty and Reforms.”Economic and Political Weekly 36(16): 843–846.Boyer, D. 2001. “Trade: The Connection BetweenEnvironment and Sustainable Livelihoods.” WorkingPaper, No. 5, Oxfam America, Boston. Available:http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/ideas_at_oxfam/art5071.html/?searchterm=working%20paper%205Busse, M. 2004. “Trade Environment Regulation and theWorld Trade Organisation.” World Bank PolicyResearch Working Paper, 3361. Washington, DC: TheWorld Bank.Clean Energy Nepal (CEN), and Environment and PublicHealth Organisation (ENPHO). 2003. Health Impactsof Kathmandu’s Air Pollution. Kathmandu.Chaturvedi, S., and G. Nagpal. 2003. “WTO and Product-Related Environmental Standards: Emerging Issuesand Policy Options.” Economic and Political Weekly38(1): 66–74.Chaturvedi, S. 2003. “Agricultural Biotechnology andEmerging Trade Regime at WTO: Some Issues ofConcern.” In Trade and Biodiversity, edited by P.Balakrishna, and E. Warner, Colombo: The WorldConservation Union (IUCN), Regional BiodiversityProgramme, Asia.Consumer Unity & Trust Society (CUTS). 1999. “Trade andEnvironment—An Agenda for DevelopingCountries.” Briefing Paper No. 2, CUTS Centre forInternational Trade, Economics and Environment,Jaipur. Available: http://www.cuts-international.org/no2-99.pdfDhakal, S. 2003. “Air Pollution—Suffocating City.” SpotlightVol. 22 No. 25, January 03–09. Kathmandu. Available:http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/articles_d.asp?id=91Dhakal, S. 2004. “Biodiversity for Security.” In Spotlight,24(17). Available: http://www.nepalnews. com.np/contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2004/nov/nov26/national3.htmFederation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce andIndustry (FNCCI). 2004. Nepal and the World: AStatistical Profile 2004. Kathmandu.Chapter 12: Environment and Trade191