ADB_book_18 April.qxp - Himalayan Document Centre - icimod

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Mountain areas have the most food inadequatehouseholds (35%), followed by the Terai (34%) andHills (28%).There is a correlation between the level of foodinsecurity and the agricultural conditions of farmersin food deficit districts. The problems are mostsevere in remote mountainous areas where thecropping intensities and crop yields are the lowest,population of livestock per household is the highest,and the opportunities for high-value agriculturalproduction and access to off-farm employment aremost limited. The livestock on which these foodinsecurepeople depend most heavily are lowyielding due to poor health, resulting in lowproductivity, and high morbidity and mortality rates(NLSS 2004).The NLSS indicates that households growingvegetables (both winter and summer) have used thelargest amount of improved seeds (33%) followed byonion (18%) and potato (16%). Cereal crops are lessimportant in terms of use of improved seeds. Thepercentage of agricultural households usingimproved seeds is less in rural areas than urbanareas in all selected crops—paddy, wheat, maize,potato, onion, and vegetables. Paddy growers usedthe highest percentage (66%) of chemical fertilizeramong other agricultural households, followed bywheat (56%), maize (34%), potato (22%), and othercrops. Fertilizer use is less among agriculturalhouseholds in rural areas than in urban areas (NLSS2004).SummaryIn recent years Nepal’s poverty situation hasimproved significantly at national, rural, and urbanlevels. However, poverty remains a complex andmultidimensional phenomenon. Poverty is deeper,more intense, and more severe in rural areas than inurban areas as measured by parameters like adultliteracy, life expectancy, population without access tosafe water, and the human poverty index. Likewise,the intensity of poverty measured in terms of povertygap and poverty severity is greater for rural areas thanfor urban areas. Poverty is greater among thedeprived communities of rural areas.There is a big disparity between rural and urbanareas in terms of human development facilities. TheHDI in rural areas is approximately 22% lower than inurban areas and the incidence of poverty 68% higher.The HEI for rural areas is 41% lower than that forurban areas. Urban areas surpass rural areas in termsof social, economic, and political dimensions ofhuman empowerment. The low level of ruraleconomic empowerment is due to limited access toproductive assets and lack of gainful employmentFarmyard Manure for the Next Crops in the Countrysideof Kathmanduopportunities. The low level of social empowermentof rural areas is due to attributes like poor access tosocial infrastructure (education, health, andcommunication media) and income-earningopportunities. As a result of hardship and inaccessibility,and limited access to economic infrastructure,productive assets, and employment outsideagriculture, Mountain areas lag behind other regionsin all three dimensions of human empowerment andtherefore rank among the lowest levels of economicdevelopment. The level of political empowerment isrelatively better than that of social and economicempowerment, in all areas: rural or urban, andregions. However, the current level of both economicand social empowerment remains far too low toeffectively address the overarching goal of povertyreduction on a sustained basis.Rural households derive their incomes largelyfrom agriculture through self-employment and wageemployment, and they are most dependent on theagricultural sector for their livelihoods. This alsosuggests that opportunities for non-agriculturalemployment are limited in rural areas. Hill areasprovide relatively better opportunities for nonagriculturalemployment than the Terai or theMountains, whereas wage agricultural employmentis highest in the Terai, indicating that there aresignificant numbers of marginal farmers or landlesspoor people in the Terai.Disparities occur not only between rural andurban areas and among the regions, but alsobetween upper and lower social classes. However,past development efforts have remained largelyunsuccessful in attaining equitable and inclusivedevelopment of deprived areas and communitiesinto the national mainstream. A major element of theTenth Plan’s poverty reduction strategy is to begin toclose this gap as rapidly as possible bymainstreaming deprived communities and regions inthe development process. The existing mismatchbetween socioeconomic and political empower-B. Pradhan28 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
ment also indicates a need for more balancedinterventions on all three fronts of sustainableempowerment and poverty reduction.Livelihood security comes from both economicsecurity and environmental security. In the context ofNepal, economic security overall has improved witha decline in the level of those living below the povertyline. However, when the data are disaggregated byregion and income groups, it seems that conditionsregarding food security might have worsened forsome. The conflict situation has worsened Nepal’soverall economic situation and environmental status.BibliographyAdiga, P.B. 1998. “Some Environmental Concerns to beAddressed in the Nepal Irrigation Sector Project.”WECS Bulletin 9(1): 19–22.Amatya, V.B., and G.R. Shrestha. 1998. “Review on Policiesand Their Implications on Renewable EnergyTechnologies.” In Renewable Energy Technologies: ABrighter Future, edited by K. Rijal. Kathmandu:International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment.Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 2001. Statistical YearBook of Nepal 2001. Kathmandu.———.2002a. National Census of Agriculture. Kathmandu.———.2002b. Population Census 2001. Kathmandu.———.2003. Population Monograph of Nepal, Volumes Iand II. Kathmandu.———.2004. Handbook of Environment Statistics 2003.Kathmandu.Central Department of Geography (CDG). 2001. “PhysicalDevelopment of Human Settlements and EmergingTowns along the Banepa-Bardibas HighwayCorridor.” Study report prepared by CDG, TribhuvanUniversity, for Department of Urban Developmentand Building Construction, Ministry of PhysicalPlanning and Works, Kathmandu.———.2004. National Concept of Compact Settlement inNepal. Kathmandu: Tribhuban University CentralDepartment of Geography/Department of UrbanDevelopment and Building Construction.Department for International Development (DFID). 1998.Gaining Ground with Bio-Engineering. Kathmandu.Department of Education (DOE). 2000. School LevelEducational Statistics of Nepal 2000. Kathmandu.Department of Health Sciences (DOHS). 1999. AnnualReport 1998/1999. Kathmandu.———.2003. Annual Report 2001/2002. Kathmandu.Department of Roads (DOR). 2000. EnvironmentalAssessment in the Road Sector of Nepal (PolicyDocument). Kathmandu.———.2002. Nepal Road Statistics. Kathmandu.Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS). 2002.Rural Water and Sanitation Project Nepal.Kathmandu. Available: http://www.fao.org/faostat/faostat2_en.aspFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAOSTAT onlinestatistical service. Rome. Available:http://www.fao.org/faostat/faostat2_en.aspHis Majesty’s Government of Nepal. 1999. Local SelfGovernance Act 1999. Kathmandu: Ministry ofLaw and Justice.IUCN (The World Conservation Union). 2002. People andConservation: Improving Livelihoods andEcosystems. Kathmandu.Japan Forest Technology Association (JAFTA). 2001.“Information System Development Project for theManagement of Tropical Forest.” Activity Report ofWide Area Tropical Forest Resources Survey(Kingdom of Nepal), Japan Forest TechnologyAssociation, Kathmandu.Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG).2004. Smoke, Health and Household Energy:Participatory Methods for Design, Installation,Monitoring and Assessing Smoke AlleviationTechnologies, Vol. 1. Kathmandu.Kenting Earth Science (KES). 1986. “Land ResourceMapping Project: Land Utilisation Report.”Department of Survey/Kenting EarthScience/Canadian International DevelopmentAgency, Kathmandu.Metcalf and Eddy. 1999. “Urban Water Supply Reforms inthe Kathmandu Valley.” Wastewater ManagementAssessment, CEMAT, Kathmandu.Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). 2001.Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture.Kathmandu.Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). 2001.Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2001.Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal,Ministry of Health, New Era, and ORC Macro.Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). 2004. SituationalAnalysis of Indoor Air Pollution and DevelopmentGuidelines for Indoor Air Quality Assessment andHouse Building for Health. Kathmandu.Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS). 2004. Nepal LivingStandards Survey 2003/2004: Statistical Report,Volumes 1 and 2. Kathmandu: His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics.National Planning Commission (NPC). 2002. Tenth Plan(2002–2007). Kathmandu.Pradhan, P.K. 2004. Rural-Urban Relations with SpecialReference to Nepal. Kathmandu: Rural UrbanPartnership Programme, United NationsDevelopment Programme, and His Majesty’sGovernment of Nepal, Ministry of LocalDevelopment.Chapter 2: Rural Environment, Poverty, and Livelihood29
Page 2 and 3: About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
Page 4 and 5: © 2006 International Centre for In
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
Page 8 and 9: PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
Page 14 and 15: Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
Page 16 and 17: forests are also used for infrastru
Page 18 and 19: as data gathered by different agenc
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
Page 22 and 23: mortality rates for rural and urban
Page 24 and 25: Agglomeration village in the centra
Page 26 and 27: soil erosion, and depletion of wate
Page 30 and 31: provision remains inadequate becaus
Page 32 and 33: Malnutrition remains a serious obst
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
Page 40 and 41: In 2004, the average annual househo
Page 44 and 45: Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
Page 50 and 51: B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
Page 52 and 53: Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
Page 54 and 55: The trend of forest coverage in the
Page 56 and 57: BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
Page 58 and 59: The Government has given legal prot
Page 60 and 61: Different ways of maintaining biodi
Page 62 and 63: ———.2004. State of the Enviro
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
Page 66 and 67: Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
Page 68 and 69: Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
Page 70 and 71: to intense weathering, and percolat
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
Page 76 and 77: species are reported to be endanger
Page 78 and 79: Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Page 80 and 81: Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
Page 84 and 85: Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
Page 86 and 87: load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
Page 88 and 89: assessment of wind energy and lack
Page 90 and 91: Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
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therefore reflect the three guiding
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is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
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Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
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matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
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Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
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Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
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Climate ChangeA region’s climate
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Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
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Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
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India. Available: http://www.cleana
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———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
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Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
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Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
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accommodate the rapidly increasing
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managing solid waste. They are part
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In most municipalities, hazardous w
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in worsening public health conditio
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objects of archaeological, historic
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Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
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Department of Health Services (DOHS
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Table 9.1 describes the major highl
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the period to up 2017. The document
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earthquakes; and awareness raising
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Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
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Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-ti
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environmental governance can be bet
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can vary considerably. Both sides h
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Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
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Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
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. Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
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Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
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Some funding arrangements made by t
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(NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
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Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
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Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
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From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
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Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
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microorganism communities and the n
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subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
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addressed only part of the problem.
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historical practice of community-ma
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moved or relocated. The fact that s
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Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
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cooperative ventures provided neith
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further poaching has not been repor
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http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
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United Nations. 2003. World Populat
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how other countries with substantia
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(i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
Page 238 and 239:
Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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