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(iv)(v)(vi)plants, and other non-timber forest productsby developing suitable technologies andprocesses for utilizing such products;The Forest Survey and Research Center actsas an autonomous body in conductingforestry related research and surveys;The Department of National Parks andWildlife Conservation is responsible for themanagement of the national parks andprotected areas as well as biodiversityconservation; andThe Department of Soil Conservation andWatershed Management bears responsibilityfor carrying out soil conservation activitiesand watershed management.The ministry has offices in all 75 districts, andregional offices to conduct different activities relatedto development and management of the forestrysector.Ministry of Industry, Commerce andSuppliesThe Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies isresponsible for promoting industry in the countrywithout compromising environmental management.The ministry controls industrial pollution in both newand existing industries. It is also responsible forpreparing and enforcing legislation and regulation onindustrial pollution, water discharges from industries,and developing industry-specific discharge standardsfor air and waterborne environmental contamination.A separate unit on Environment andTechnology Transfer also exists within the ministry.Operating under it are the Department ofIndustry, the Department of Cottage and Small ScaleIndustries, and the Cottage and Small IndustryPromotion Board. The Department of Industry andthe Department of Cottage and Small ScaleIndustries have environment units for enforcingdischarge standards, applying IEE and EIA toindustries, issuing permits for industrial establishments,and monitoring emissions and effluentdischarges.The Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology,under the ministry, is responsible for settingstandards for air, water, and other environmentrelatedcomponents. It also enforces the abovestandards and fixes effluent and emission standardsfor industries and motor vehicles.Ministry of Local DevelopmentThe Ministry of Local Development is responsible forformulating policies, plans, and programs on ruraland town developments and monitoring theirimplementation, taking into consideration theirenvironmental implications. The ministry alsoimplements the environmental provisions made inthe Local Self Governance Act 1999 through its localorgans and local bodies like DDCs and VDCs incollaboration with local communities and usergroups.Ministry of Agriculture and CooperativesBesides its main jurisdiction of agriculture andlivestock development, the Ministry of Agricultureand Cooperatives is responsible for formulatingpolicies, standards, and legal instruments related toenvironmentally sensitive products and control ofagricultural pollution. It operates through its regionaland district offices in all five development regionsand 75 districts. The key entities under the ministryare the Nepal Agricultural Research Center, theDepartment of Agriculture, the Department ofLivestock Services, Nepal Tea and CoffeeDevelopment Board, the Dairy Development Board,and the National Seed Development Board. TheCentral Food Research Laboratory under the ministryimplements the Food Act 1966, the Animal Feed Act1976, and corresponding regulations.Ministry of Water ResourcesThe Ministry of Water Resources is responsible for allactivities related to the development of waterresources, electricity, irrigation, alternative energydevelopment, and management of water-induceddisasters. The ministry has an independent policyplanningwing—the Water and Energy CommissionSecretariat—responsible for planning of waterresources based on strategic environmentalevaluation and assessment of environmentalimpacts of the water development projects. TheCommission Secretariat developed a comprehensiveWater Resources Strategy for Nepal in 2002 and aNational Water Plan for implementing its provisionsin 2004 (WECS 2004) giving high priority toenvironmental concerns and their management asan indivisible part of all these plans and programs.The ministry also has an environment divisionresponsible for identification and management ofenvironmental implications of water resourcesdevelopment.Nepal Electricity AuthorityThe Nepal Electricity Authority is a semi-governmentpublic utility responsible for the generation,transmission, and distribution of electric powerthroughout the country. It operates through sixdirectorates and 12 departments and has field officesin almost all 75 districts of Nepal, engaging around130 Environment Assessment of Nepal : Emerging Issues and Challenges
10,000 employees at different levels. The NepalElectricity Authority is the key agency forconstruction and maintenance of power projects(mainly hydro-based). It contains a well-establishedenvironmental directorate with around 25 officersand support staff. EIA of all hydro projects has beenmade mandatory in the project developmentprocess. Environmental management plans of allprojects are executed under the supervision of thisdirectorate.Ministry of Physical Planning and WorksThe Ministry of Physical Planning and Works has twomajor wings—one for construction of roads andhighways, another for extension of water supply andsanitation projects. The Water Supply and SanitationDepartment develops rural water supply schemesand hands them over to community water users,while the Nepal Water Supply and SewerageCorporation, established in 1998, is responsible forwater supply and sewerage schemes in urban areas,mostly municipalities. The ministry itself and alldepartments under its supervision have environmentdivisions headed by senior officials, some of themenvironmentalists. The Melamchi Water SupplyScheme is being developed for diversion of 170million liters of water per day from the Melamchiriver (Sindhupalchowk district) to Kathmandu Valley.A special division is responsible for supervising andimplementing all environmental programs envisagedin the project.Similarly, the roads department of the ministry isresponsible for constructing and managing roadsand highways, giving due priority to environmentalaspects. It takes into consideration the EIA andimplementation of environmental managementplans at planning, executing, and maintenancestages. These are being managed by the geoenvironmentaldivision of the department.MunicipalitiesKathmandu Metropolitan City has a population ofabout 1.8 million people (CBS 2002). Majorenvironmental problems in Kathmandu Valleyinclude solid waste disposal, air and water pollution,unmanaged slums, and shortage of potable water.Degraded sanitary conditions are causing health andother problems. The city created an environmentdivision in 1997 which carries out environmentalmanagement and conservation programs within themetropolitan area. The key functions of theenvironment division are solid waste management,participation in urban environmental management—including air pollution control and sewagemanagement—and development of green areaswithin the metropolitan area. It conducts its activitiesChapter 9: Environmental Governancein collaboration with MOEST, the Nepal TourismBoard, and other environmental NGOs active forenvironmental improvement of Kathmandu Valley.The other two sub-metropolitan cities ofKathmandu Valley, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, have alsocreated environmental sections to implement andmonitor environmental programs within theirjurisdictions.Other large municipalities in the country outsideKathmandu Valley have also initiated environmentalmanagement programs.Overall Performance ofEnvironmental GovernanceEnvironmental governance refers to the functioningof stakeholder organizations under the framework ofprevalent rules and regulations to deal withenvironmental problems. Environmental governancein Nepal has not been very effective.Key reasons for ineffective environmentalgovernance in Nepal have been the frequentchanges in governments, government’s poorfunctioning, and inadequate attention paid to theincreasing urban and rural environmental problems.Others include absence of long-term environmentalpolicies, weak enforcement of environmental laws,malfunctioning of national decision- andpolicymaking bodies, inability of environmentalinstitutions to streamline activities into the nationalsocioeconomic development process, insufficientfunding, and low morale. These deficiencies havebeen compounded by inefficient publicadministration in general, weak monitoring, nonresponsivenessof the environmental agencies topublic opinion, and non-execution of recommendationsof many studies conducted for the environmentsector through donor support.The Government has created and dissolvedenvironmental institutions frequently, withoutproviding them sustainability or continuity, beingguided mainly by political motivations. This hasbrought instability and distortion to the process ofenvironmental governance. One of the most recentexamples of such change was the dissolution ofMOPE in 2005 after 10 years of existence andannexation of its environment division to MOEST.Some think it might have been more effective torestructure MOPE and strengthen it to maintain itsindependent identity and improve its performance.Institutional and regulatory efforts in Nepaltowards the conservation of natural resources andmanagement of environmental issues have had littleimpact due to the different factors and constraintsencountered. The underlying reasons for poor131
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About the OrganisationsAsian Develo
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© 2006 International Centre for In
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to ex
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PM2.5PAHRSSAARCSACEPSEASO 2TSPUKUND
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Chapter 6: Energy Resources 65Intro
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List of FiguresFigure 2.1: People a
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Table 6.1: Energy Consumption and P
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forests are also used for infrastru
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as data gathered by different agenc
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Table 2.1: Population Growth Rates
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mortality rates for rural and urban
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Agglomeration village in the centra
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soil erosion, and depletion of wate
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provision remains inadequate becaus
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Malnutrition remains a serious obst
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Table 2.24: Existing and Projected
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Table 2.28: Income Poverty Indicato
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Table 2.31: Change in Employment St
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In 2004, the average annual househo
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Mountain areas have the most food i
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Schaffner, U. 1987. “Road Constru
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Table 3.1: Agricultural Economic De
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Table 3.4: Estimated Soil Erosion R
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B. PradhanImpacts of land degradati
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Carson, B. 1985. “Erosion and Sed
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The trend of forest coverage in the
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BiodiversityState of BiodiversityNe
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The Government has given legal prot
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Different ways of maintaining biodi
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———.2004. State of the Enviro
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Appendix 4.1: Table continuedMajor
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Appendix 4.2: Protected Plant and W
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Table A4.2.3: Nepal's Share in Plan
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to intense weathering, and percolat
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Table 5.5: Water Supply and Water T
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Table 5.9: Water Quality of Shallow
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species are reported to be endanger
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Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
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Definition, Forms, and UnitsEnergy
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Table 6.5: Hydropower PotentialRive
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Chilime Hydroelectric Project: An E
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load occurs from 6 pm to 9 pm with
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assessment of wind energy and lack
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Review of Dams and Development by t
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IUCNElizabeth Khaka, UNEP-NairobiRu
Page 94 and 95: therefore reflect the three guiding
Page 96 and 97: is a seasonal dust storm. Anthropog
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.3: Average Air Quality, Ja
Page 100 and 101: matter, hydrocarbons, and NO x (Nae
Page 102 and 103: Figure: 7.9: Vehicle Registered in
Page 104 and 105: Brick Kilnchlorofluorocarbons (HCFC
Page 106 and 107: Climate ChangeA region’s climate
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.14: Mean Annual Precipitat
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.3: National Ambient Air Qua
Page 112 and 113: India. Available: http://www.cleana
Page 114 and 115: ———.1999. “Ambient Air Qual
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 7.1: World Health Organiza
Page 118 and 119: Table 8.1: Criteria for Urban Statu
Page 120 and 121: accommodate the rapidly increasing
Page 122 and 123: managing solid waste. They are part
Page 124 and 125: In most municipalities, hazardous w
Page 126 and 127: in worsening public health conditio
Page 128 and 129: objects of archaeological, historic
Page 130 and 131: Min BajracharyaB. PradhanVehicles a
Page 132 and 133: Department of Health Services (DOHS
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 describes the major highl
Page 136 and 137: the period to up 2017. The document
Page 138 and 139: earthquakes; and awareness raising
Page 140 and 141: Sub-regional LinkagesOther developi
Page 142 and 143: Figure 9.1: The Key Environmental I
Page 146 and 147: environmental governance can be bet
Page 148 and 149: can vary considerably. Both sides h
Page 150 and 151: Dhungel, D.N., and A.B. Rajbhandari
Page 152 and 153: Table A9.1.2: Industry-Specific Tol
Page 154 and 155: . Cultural Heritage8. Convention fo
Page 156 and 157: Appendix 9.3: Some Prominent Enviro
Page 158 and 159: Some funding arrangements made by t
Page 160 and 161: (NARDF 2004) for a period of 1 to 3
Page 162 and 163: Table 10.2: Annual Income and Expen
Page 164 and 165: Table 10.4: Users’ Share in Benef
Page 166 and 167: From Hands Around Everest bookFrom
Page 168 and 169: Table 10.8: Subsidy Rate for Biogas
Page 170 and 171: microorganism communities and the n
Page 172 and 173: subsidies (Mason 1996). All these a
Page 174 and 175: addressed only part of the problem.
Page 176 and 177: historical practice of community-ma
Page 178 and 179: moved or relocated. The fact that s
Page 180 and 181: Kathmandu Valley and receives a lar
Page 182 and 183: cooperative ventures provided neith
Page 184 and 185: further poaching has not been repor
Page 186 and 187: http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/
Page 188 and 189: United Nations. 2003. World Populat
Page 190 and 191: how other countries with substantia
Page 192 and 193: (i) Broad-based and sustainable eco
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Although progress is encouraging, m
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Nepal’s Changing Pattern of Trade
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Table 12.2: Trade/ GDP RatiosFY1981
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Table 12.5: Percentage Share of Maj
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well as other provisions in specifi
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Future Implications for NepalIncrea
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International Trade Forum (ITN). 20
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- Gross domestic product per unit e
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Time Series InformationGenerally tw
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Table 13.1a: Different Datasets Col
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elevant due to its multidisciplinar
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Figure 13.6: Examples of Applicatio
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Judith DobmannThere are many source
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———.2003. Mapping Nepal Censu
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sustainable livelihoods requires an
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and haphazard. Population pressures
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issue. These deficiencies stem from
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population must be assessed. MOEST
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Appendix 14.1: List of Key Environm
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(vii) The EIA report approving agen
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty a
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Nepal’s Progress Towards the MDGs
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Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityReduc
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