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Medical Profession. I argue that understanding these expectations is crucial both as a normativestandard for conduct, and in considering appropriate responses to unprofessional conduct.Ethics of Psychiatric Expert Opinion in the Area of UncertaintySamuel Wolfman, Law School of Zefat Academic College (s.wolfman@wolfman-law.com)Many psychiatrists submit expert opinions testimonies in courts, regarding causality between thestress involved in a tort case and a psychiatric disease developed after stressful events. Theyeither support the plaintiff claiming cause relationship, or the defense undermining thesignificance of such stress, or claiming that different signs of the disease had been observed inthe plaintiff long before the alleged stressful event. Another area where psychiatrists submitexpert opinion is in labor law cases regarding the question of causality between stress at workand psychiatric disease developed ― allegedly ― after work or military stressful conditions. Inlight of statutory arrangement compensating such disabled, a negative psychiatric opinion mayresult in depriving such sever disabled from any financial support. This paper shall discuss theethics of psychiatrists testifying in the above cases with absolute certainty ― not only in clearcut cases but also in ambiguity and vagueness. As such testimonies may determine the financialfate of such disabled mentally ill for the rest of his/her life and as the real etiology of manypsychiatric diseases is still not fully understood, there are definite ethical questions as to suchabsolute certainty and the place for some humbleness of such experts.The Ethics of Research Involving Victims of CrimeRita Shackel, Sydney Law School – The University of Sydney (rita.shackel@sydney.edu.au)A myriad of ethical issues arise in the conduct of research that involves victims of crime,especially vulnerable victims e.g. children and victims with a disability. The risk ofretraumatisation of such victims is an ethical concern widely recognised by researchers workingin the field. This paper identifies and discusses the main ethical issues that arise in the conduct ofresearch with victims of crime, focusing particularly on especially vulnerable victims and theethical issues that specifically arise with regards to: (i) the expectations that victims have ofresearchers and the ethical responsibilities that such expectations give rise to; (ii) theexpectations of participants and duties of researchers that flow from utililising particular researchmethodologies; and (iii) the potential ethical issues and conflicts of interest that might arise whenthe line between research participation and therapeutic benefits becomes blurred. This analysisdraws on relevant published literature and includes an analysis of data obtained from victimservices websites and relevant government and other institutional protocols relating to theconduct of research involving victims of crime.150