Membrane and Desalination Technologies - TCE Moodle Website

Contents xi
3.4. Considering Existing Membrane Facilities under the LT2ESWTR . ......................................... 142
3.5. Membrane Terminology Used in the Guidance Manual . . .................................................... 144
3.6. Summary of US EPA Regulatory Framework ................................................................ 145
4. Challenge Testing: Determination of LRV . ....................................................................... 146
4.1. Core Requirements for Challenge Testing . . .................................................................. 147
4.2. Test Organization Qualification . .............................................................................. 148
4.3. General Procedure for Designing a Challenge Test Protocol. ................................................ 149
4.4. Nondestructive Performance Testing. ......................................................................... 150
4.5. Selection of Modules for Challenge Testing .................................................................. 152
4.6. Small-Scale Module Testing .................................................................................. 153
4.7. Target Organisms and Challenge Particulates ................................................................ 153
4.8. Challenge Test Solutions . ..................................................................................... 158
4.9. Challenge Test Systems ....................................................................................... 164
4.10. Sampling. ..................................................................................................... 170
4.11. Analysis and Reporting of Challenge Test Results . ......................................................... 172
4.12. Retesting of Modified Membrane Modules.................................................................. 175
4.13. Grandfathering Challenge Test Data from Previous Studies ................................................ 176
4.14. Summary of the US EPA Required Challenge Testing. . .................................................... 178
5. Direct Integrity Testing ............................................................................................ 179
5.1. Core Requirements of Direct Integrity Testing . .............................................................. 179
5.2. Resolution and Sensitivity..................................................................................... 179
5.3. Summary of the US EPA Required Direct Integrity Testing . ................................................ 182
6. Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring. ......................................................................... 182
6.1. Core Requirements of Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring . ........................................... 182
6.2. Summary of the US EPA Required Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring . ............................. 183
7. Design Example: Challenge Test Solution Design Scenario . ..................................................... 184
8. Guidelines for Comparing Membrane Filtration with Other Water and Wastewater Treatment
Processes for Giardia Cysts, Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Virus Removal . .................................... 187
9. Case Study of Challenge Testing for Comparing Microfiltration and Continuously
Backwashed Dual Sand Filtration Technologies .................................................................. 190
10. Acronyms. . ......................................................................................................... 195
11. Nomenclature....................................................................................................... 196
References. .............................................................................................................. 197
5. Treatment of Industrial Effluents, Municipal Wastes, and Potable
Water by Membrane Bioreactors
Lawrence K. Wang and Ravinder Menon ............................................. 201
1. Introduction . ......................................................................................................... 202
1.1. General Introduction. . .......................................................................................... 202
1.2. Historical Development ........................................................................................ 202
1.3. Physical–Chemical Pretreatment Prior to Membrane Process ................................................. 203
1.4. Physical–Chemical–Biological Pretreatment Prior to Membrane Process . ................................... 205
1.5. Membrane Bioreactors Research and Engineering Applications . . ............................................ 206
2. MBR Process Description . . ......................................................................................... 208
2.1. Membrane Bioreactor with Membrane Module Submerged in the Bioreactor. ............................... 208
2.2. Membrane Bioreactor with Membrane Module Situated Outside the Bioreactor . ............................ 209
2.3. MBR System Features.......................................................................................... 210
2.4. Membrane Module Design Considerations . ................................................................... 212
3. Process Comparison . ................................................................................................ 214
3.1. Similarity . ...................................................................................................... 214
3.2. Dissimilarity .................................................................................................... 215
4. Process Applications. ................................................................................................ 217
4.1. Industrial Wastewater Treatment............................................................................... 217
4.2. Municipal Wastewater and Leachate Treatments . ............................................................. 217
5. Practical Examples . . ................................................................................................ 218
5.1. Example 1: Dairy Industry . .................................................................................... 218