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Membrane Separation: Basics and Applications 299 Table 7.4 Typical characteristics of membrane modules Feed Permeate Permeate l A compact structure l High-pressure durability l Less contamination l Less pressure drop at the permeate channel l Minimum concentration polarization Plate and frame Spiral wound Tubular Hollow fibre Packing density (m 2 /m 3 ) 30–500 200–800 30–200 500–9,000 Resistance to fouling Good Moderate Very good Poor Ease of cleaning Good Fair Excellent Poor Membrane material choices Many Many Few Few Relative cost High Low High Low Applications D, RO, PV, UF, MF D, RO, GP, UF, MF RO, UF D, RO, GP, UF MF microfiltration, UF ultrafiltration, D dialysis, PV pervaporation, RO reverse osmosis. Membranes Spacer Retentate Permeate Usually, a number of spiral-wound modules are assembled in one pressure vessel and are connected in series via the central permeate tubes. Some industrial-scale spiral-wound modules are shown in Fig. 7.11. Feed Fig. 7.9. A plate-and-frame module. Retentate
300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubular Module Fig. 7.10. A spiral-wound module. In this type of module, a number of membranes of tubular shape are encased in a container. A schematic diagram is given in Fig. 7.12. The feed solution always flows through the centre of the tubes while the permeate flows through the porous supporting tube into the module housing. Ceramic membranes are mostly assembled in such tubular module configurations. The main features of the tubular module are: l Convenience in membrane replacement and easy cleaning of surface contamination l High-energy consumption per unit amount of liquid treated l High feed flow rate help reduce the membrane contamination l Low packing density of the module l Simple pre-treatment of feed liquid 6.2.4. Hollow-Fibre Module Hollow-fibre module consists of a large number of fibres assembled together in a module, as shown in Fig. 7.13. The free ends of the fibres are often potted with agents such as epoxy resins, polyurethanes or silicon rubber. The membranes are self-supporting for this module. There are two basic types of arrangement for this module: 1. Inside-out, as shown in Fig. 7.14a, where the feed solution passes through the bore of the fibre and the permeate is collected on the outside of the fibre 2. Outside-in, as shown in Fig. 7.14b, where the feed solution enters the module on the shell side of the fibres and the permeate passes into the fibre bore
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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174 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang due
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
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186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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354 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang cour
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358 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang wher
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360 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang and
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362 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang syst
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364 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang blee
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370 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang oxid
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372 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang memb
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376 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang capa
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378 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Disp
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380 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang sali
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384 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang the
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386 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 9. N
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388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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494 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3. E
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496 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Form
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500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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604 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
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606 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. hydr
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608 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. it i
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610 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. UV i
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612 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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614 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. abov
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618 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. larg
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620 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. insi
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622 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. acti
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624 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
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626 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. affe
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628 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Adju
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630 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. D
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632 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. For
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634 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Cc
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640 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. grea
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642 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 2. F
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644 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. cond
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646 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. foll
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648 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. l En
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650 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. oil-
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652 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Feed
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654 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. O 2
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656 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. prea
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658 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. holl
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660 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wher
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662 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 10 L
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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