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252 L.K. Wang et al. Milk Fat High-Fat Cream MF UF RO Water UF Permeate Skim Milk UF Retentate Protein isolates Chease Manufacture Specialty Milk Products RO Concentrate Lactose Fermentation Bulk Milk Transport Dried Milk Products Milk Concentrates Fig. 6.12. Connection of MF, UF, and RO in series for producing dairy products. Water Milk UF Permeate 90% 10% Pasteurization Fermentation Starter Culture Rennet Cheddar Cheese Continuous Syneresis Cutting Continuous Coagulation with pores of 0.3–1.0 mm are able to separate the fat and bacteria from the rest of the milk components, provided the membrane has a fairly uniform and narrow pore size distribution and the appropriate physicochemical properties that minimize fouling. The development of inorganic ceramic MF membranes has widened the applications of MF for processing milk products and skim milk. Besides, MF is an excellent pretreatment process to UF, aiming at fat and bacterial removals. UF is widely used in the dairy industry for the manufacture of cheese, as shown in Figs. 6.11–6.13. From a membrane technologist’s point of view, cheese manufacturing Whey Fig. 6.13. UF cheddar cheese manufacturing process.
Treatment of Food Industry Foods and Wastes by Membrane Filtration 253 process can be considered as a fractionation process, whereby casein protein and fat are concentrated in the curd while lactose, soluble proteins, minerals, and other minor components are lost in the whey. Thus, one can readily see the application of UF (Figs. 6.11 and 6.13): concentrating milk to a protein/fat level normally found in cheese, then converting this “pre-cheese” to cheese by conventional or modified cheese-making processes (28, 29). Figure 6.12 shows that the combination of MF and UF membranes forms an appropriate system for manufacturing cheese. A UF cheddar cheese manufacturing plant (Fig. 6.13) with a capacity of 1 million L whole milk per day was installed in 1990 at Land 0’ Lakes in Minnesota, USA. RO treatment of whole milk dry powder and other products is shown in Fig. 6.11. RO treatment of skim milk from MF–UF permeates for the production of skim milk dry powder and other products is shown in Fig. 6.12. In either system, RO is operated primarily for removing water and for reducing energy consumption in milk drying plants. When RO is used as a preconcentrator, it is best to do a 2.5 concentration by RO followed by a conventional evaporation process. A comparison of the energy consumption of RO and thermal evaporation for a 2.5 concentration of milk is shown in Table 6.4. It can be seen that by using RO the potential energy savings are enormous (30). In Sweden, the Bactocatch process shown in Fig. 6.9 involves the use of both tubular ceramic MF membranes (1.4 mm pore diameter) and the double loop constant pressure operation; it produced stable pasteurized and refrigerated milk products. Fluxes of 500–700 L/m 2 /h were achieved for a period of over 6 h. If needed, the TMP can be increased slightly by operating at 0.05–0.1 bar (0.75–1.5 psi) to compensate for fouling. Bacterial retention is 99% with the microbial load usually found in milk. 5.2. Production of Fruit and Tomato Juices Using MF, UF, and RO There are three primary areas where membranes can be applied to the processing of fruit or tomato juices (31): Table 6.4 Energy consumption of RO vs. thermal evaporation for 2.5 concentration of milk Process Area (m 2 ) Energy (Kcal/kg milk) Thermal concentration Open-pan boiling 10.4 455 Evaporator 10.4 455 Double-effect evaporator 25 209 Mechanical vapor recompression Membrane processes 32 136 Batch, single-pump 65 80 Batch, dual-pump 65 7 Continuous, one-stage 206 16 Continuous, three-stage 93 7
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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