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414 K.C. Ng et al. a b Release valve Condenser Collection tank Condensate drainage Reactor bed c Sea water feeding line Pre-treatment of sea water Sea water tank Fig. 9.13. (a) A schematic of a four-bed adsorption desalination plant (40). (b) Pictorial view of a four-bed adsorption desalination plant in NUS (condenser side view). (c) Pictorial view of a four-bed adsorption desalination plant (evaporator side view). 4. The evaporator is connected with the adsorbers where the evaporated water vapor is adsorbed by the silica gel. The heat of adsorption is removed by a coolant from cooling tower during the adsorption cycle. 5. The desorption–condensation process takes place at the condenser pressure where the desorbers are heated up to the desorption temperature with an external heat input. The desorbed vapor is condensed in the condenser, where the heat of condensation is removed by the cooling water from the cooling tower. 6. The condensate is collected in a collection tank, which is either intermittently pumped out to the atmospheric pressure or extracted via a 10-m high U-tube.
Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Method 415 Tests are conducted under steady state conditions of the coolant (hot water source and cooling water source temperatures) which are accurately conditioned by a rating facility and thus it is weather independent. The cooling water that returns from the adsorber beds and the condenser is first mixed in a cooling water storage tank to minimize its temperature fluctuations. It is then pumped serially through the cooling tower and an evaporator coil of a mechanical chiller, dropping the coolant temperature to a level below that of set-point temperature of the heater controller. Within the heater tank, the cooling water temperature is further fine-tuned by an electrical heat input using a cascaded two-loop PID controller. Excellent control of the outlet water temperatures is thus achieved by this control arrangement, capitalizing on the faster time constant of heaters vs. those of the processes of cooling tower and mechanical chiller. The control strategy used in the hot water loop is similar to that of the cold water loop. A hot water storage tank is used to damp temperature fluctuations of hot water returning from the desorption processes. Hot water from the mixed tank is fed into the hot water heater tank where its temperature can be fine-tuned electrically with a similar PID controller. Similar to the hot water circuit, the evaporator in the adsorption plant is maintained by a constant chilled water return, which is also electrically controlled with heaters, that simulates the cooling load. All the above-mentioned circuits have been tested to have an accuracy of 0.3 C. 4.2. Definitions and Modeling The energy balance equations, the isotherm equation, and the kinetics that are used for the evaluation of the performance of the adsorption desalination plant are presented below. Tóth isotherm equation (Eq. 13) is used to estimate the amount of water vapor that the silica gel can adsorb at the equilibrium conditions of temperature and pressure. The adsorption kinetics is estimated by using the well-known LDF correlation (10) as follows: dq dt ¼ 15Dso expð Ea=RTÞ ðq qÞ: (14Þ R 2 p Here, Ds0 is the pre-exponential constant, Ea is the activation energy, Rp is the particle radius, and q denotes the instantaneous uptake. Figure 9.14 shows the energy balance of adsorption desalination system. As can be seen from the control volume CV1 in Fig. 9.14, the sensible cooling heat ðQadsÞ is necessary to reject the adsorption latent heat Qlatent ads that is developed due to adsorption of water vapor by silica gel during adsorption process, while extracted heat by chilled water ðQchillÞ drives the heat of evaporation Qlatent des inside the evaporator. The control volume CV2 in the same figure shows that the heating source ðQdesÞ is needed to reject the latent heat Qlatent des that is generated due to desorption. Heat of condensation Qlatent ads is rejected through the condenser by a sensible cooling ðQcondÞ. The sensible and latent heats of the AD system can be defined as follows: 1. For the adsorbent bed in adsorption mode Qads ¼ _mcp ads Tcw;o Tcw;in ; (15Þ
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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Page 409 and 410: Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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