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Preparation of Polymeric Membranes 95 v ¼ Velocity (m/s). vi ¼ The partial molar volume of component i (m 3 /mol). vb ¼ The velocity of bore fluid in the air gap (m/s). vp ¼ The velocity of the dope solution extruded from the spinneret in the air gap (m/s). vz ¼ The velocity of the polymer solution in z-direction in the air gap in Fig. 2.27. (m/s). V ¼ Total volume (m 3 ). V0 ¼ The velocity of the drawing nonwoven for flat sheet membrane fabrication in Fig. 2.35 (m/s). VD ¼ Average extrusion rate at die swell (m/s). VF ¼ Drawing velocity (m/s). Vz ¼ The velocity of the polymer solution in the casting window in Eq. (55) (m/s). w ¼ Frequency (s 1 ). y ¼ y axis in casting window for flat sheet membrane (m). z ¼ The axis in z direction in Fig. 2.27 (m). a ¼ The approaching ratio. a ¼ Critical approaching ratio. b ¼ The relative sponge-like thickness the volume ratio of nonsolvent and solvent at cloud point. b’ ¼ The weight ratio of nonsolvent and solvent at cloud point. w ¼ Interaction parameter between two components. d ¼ Membrane thickness (m). e ¼ Revised factor fi ¼ Volume fraction of component i. g ¼ Coefficient in Eq. (7), the ratio of the solvent concentration in the coagulation bath to that at the Cpoint. g ¼ Coefficient in Eq. (8). ¼ Viscosity (Pa s). 0 ¼ Dynamic shear viscosity (Pa s). 00 ¼ Dynamic relaxation viscosity (Pa s). E ¼ Elongational viscosity (Pa s). eff ¼ Shear dependent viscosity (Pa s). l ¼ The ratio of r and R for the spinneret at the maximum velocity. r ¼ Density (kg/m 3 ); the ratio of r and R for the spinneret in Eq. (30)–(34). t ¼ Shear stress (Pa). o ¼ The volume fraction of dope solution to bore fluid. DGm ¼ Gibbs free energy of mixing (kJ). DP ¼ Pressure difference (Pa). rP ¼ Pressure gradient (Pa/m). Dmi ¼ Chemical potential of component i (kJ/mol). REFERENCES 1. Mulder MHV (1991) Basic principals of membrane technology. Kluwer, Dordrecht 2. Baker RW (2004) Membrane technology and applications, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York 3. Loeb S, Sourirajan S (1962) Sea water demineralization by means of an osmotic membranes. Adv Chem Ser 38:117 4. van de Witte P, Dijkstra PJ, van de Berg JWA, Feijn BJ (1996) Phase separation processes in polymer solutions in relation to membrane formation. J Memb Sci 117:1
96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE (1985) Synthesis polymeric membranes, a structural perspective. Wiley, New York 6. Strathmann H (1981) Review – membrane separation processes. J Memb Sci 9:121 7. Matsuura T (1994) Synthetic membranes and membrane separation process. CRC Press, Boca Raton 8. Pinnau I, Freeman B (eds) (2000) Membrane formation and modification. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 9. Nunes SP, Peinemann KV (eds) (2001) Membrane technology in the chemical industry. Wiley- VCH, Verlag GmbH, Weinheim 10. Ulbricht M (2006) Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer 47:2217 11. http://www.solvaymembranes.com/ 12. Peinemann KV, Fink K, Witt P (1986) Asymmetric polyetherimide membranes for helium separation. J Memb Sci 27:215 13. Bodzek M, Bohdziewicz J (1991) Porous polycarbonate phase-inversion membranes. J Memb Sci 60:25 14. Mark HF, Bikales NM, Overbeger CG, Menges G (1985) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering. 2nd ed, vol 11, Polyamides, Wiley, NY 15. Castro AJ (1981) Methods for making microporous products, US Patent 4247498. 16. Caneba GT, Soong DS (1985) Polymer membrane formation through the thermal inversion process: 1. Experimental study of membrane structure formation. Macromolecules 18:2538 17. Lloyd DR, Kinzer KE, Tseng HS (1990) Microporous membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation. I. Solid–liquid phase separation. J Memb Sci 52:239 18. Tsai FJ, Torkelson JM (1990) Microporous poly(methyl methacrylate) membranes: effect of a low-viscosity solvent on the formation mechanism. Macromolecules 23:4983 19. Lloyd DR, Kim S, Kinzer KE (1991) Microporous membrane formation via thermally-induced phase separation. II. Liquid–liquid phase separation. J Memb Sci 64:1 20. Vadalia HC, Lee HK, Myerson AS, Levon K (1994) Thermally induced phase separation in ternary crystallizable polymer solutions. J Memb Sci 89:37 21. Mehta RH, Madsen DA, Kalika DS (1995) Microporous membranes based on poly(ether ether ketone) via thermally-induced phase separation. J Memb Sci 107:93 22. Cha BJ, Char K, Kim JJ, Kim SS, Kim CK (1995) The effects of diluent molecular weight on the structure of thermally induced phase separation membrane. J Memb Sci 108:219 23. McGuire KS, Laxminarayan A, Martula DS, Lloyd DR (1996) Kinetics of droplet growth in liquid–liquid phase separation of polymer-diluent systems: model development. J Colloid Interface Sci 182:46 24. Matsuyama H, Berghmans S, Batarseh MT, Lloyd DR (1998) Effects of thermal history on anisotropic and asymmetric membranes formed by thermally induced phase separation. J Memb Sci 142:27 25. Matsuyama H, Berghmans S, Lloyd DR (1999) Formation of anisotropic membranes via thermally induced phase separation. Polymer 40:2289 26. Matsuyama H, Kudari S, Kiyofuji H, Kitamura Y (2000) Kinetic studies of thermally induced phase separation in polymer diluent system. J Appl Polym Sci 76:1028 27. Liu B, Du Q, Yang Y (2000) The phase diagrams of mixtures of EVAL and PEG in relation to membrane formation. J Memb Sci 180:81 28. Atkinson PM, Lloyd DR (2000) Anisotropic flat sheet membrane formation via TIPS: atmospheric convection and polymer molecular weight effects. J Memb Sci 175:225
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Page 63 and 64: Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Page 67 and 68: 48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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162 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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274 J. Paul Chen et al. the rejecte
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276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
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278 J. Paul Chen et al. Most UF mem
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280 J. Paul Chen et al. The applica
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282 J. Paul Chen et al. solutions a
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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286 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.2 L
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288 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.3 L
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290 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.7. V
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292 J. Paul Chen et al. Considering
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294 J. Paul Chen et al. Approximati
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296 J. Paul Chen et al. 5.2. The Po
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298 J. Paul Chen et al. into a smal
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300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
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346 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang prio
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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494 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3. E
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500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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610 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. UV i
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618 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. larg
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642 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 2. F
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644 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. cond
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648 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. l En
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650 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. oil-
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652 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Feed
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662 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 10 L
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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