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258 L.K. Wang et al. energy consumption of industrial effluent treatment using the conventional system are high due to high effluent flow. Figure 6.17 shows a leaner production system (33) involving: (a) the use of MF for the replacement of the conventional centrifuge or filter press for yeast cell harvesting; and (b) the use of NF for treating and recycling the wash water. Since the NF membrane gives high flux while rejecting 97% of COD and 56% of BOD, it yields a retentate with tenfold reduction in volume, and a clean recyclable permeate. Since most of the wash water from the osmotic dehydration process is purified and recycled by NF, the size of the evaporator and the digester shown in Fig. 6.17 are significantly reduced resulting in savings in capital costs and energy. 5.6. Production of Cyclodextrin from Starch Using CMR, UF, and NF Table 6.5 summarizes the food processing applications of membrane technology for dairy, fruits and vegetable processing plants, and further introduces additional food processing applications for animal products, beverage, sugar, fuel, and grain processing plants (3). The advanced membrane processes are continuous membrane reactor (CMR), pervaporation (PV) system and advanced ion-exchange membrane system, shown in Figs. 6.18–6.22, respectively. CMR continuously produces product water (permeate) and recycles the biological cells (retentate) to an upstream fermentation vessel for reuse (Figs. 6.18 and 6.19). CMR has been Fig. 6.17. Production of yeast using MF and NF.
Treatment of Food Industry Foods and Wastes by Membrane Filtration 259 Table 6.5 Food processing applications of membrane technology Dairy (Pre) Concentration of milk and whey prior to evaporation Bulk transport (RO) Specialty fluid milk products (2–3X/UHT) (RO) Partial demineralization and concentration of whey (NF) Fractionation of milk for cheese manufacture (UF) Fractionation of whey for whey protein concentrates (UF) Specialty fluid milk products (UF) Clarification of cheese whey (MF) Defatting and reducing microbial load of milk (MF) Demineralization of milk and whey (ED) Fruits and vegetables Juices Apple (UF, RO), apricot, citrus (MF/UF, RO, ED), cranberry, grape (UF, RO), kiwi, peach (UF, RO), pear, pineapple (MF/UF, RO), tomato (RO) Pigments Anthocyanins, betanins (UF, RO) Wastewater Apple, pineapple, potato (UF, RO) Animal products Gelatin Concentration and deashing (UF) Eggs Concentration and reduction of glucose (UF, RO) By-products Blood, wastewater treatment (UF) Beverages Wine, beer, vinegar – clarification (MF/UF) Low-alcohol beer (RO) Sugar refining Beet/cane solutions, maple syrup, candy wastewaters – clarification (MF/UF), preconcentration (RO) Desalting (ED) Oilseeds, cereals, legumes Soybean Protein concentrates and isolates (UF) Protein hydrolyzates (CMR) Oil degumming and refining (UF, NF) Recovery of soy whey proteins (UF, RO) Wastewater treatment (UF, MF, MBR) Corn Steepwater concentration (RO) Light-middlings treatment: water recycle (RO) Saccharification of liquefied starch (CMR) Purification of dextrose streams (MF/UF) Fermentation of glucose to ethanol (CMR) Downstream processing (MF, UF, NF, RO, ED, PV) Wastewater treatment (UF, MF, MBR) Biotechnology Production of high-quality water (MF, UF, RO, ED) Downstream processing (MF, UF, RO, ED): cell harvesting, protein fractionation, desalting, concentration Bioreactors: enzyme hydrolysis, microbial conversions (MF, UF) Tissue culture: plant cells, mammalian cells (MF, UF)
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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