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Membrane Technologies for Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Applications 607 Table 14.1 Applicability of POU/POE treatment technologies Treatment technology Contaminant Arsenic Copper Lead Fluoride Nitrate SOCs Radium Uranium Activated alumina (AA) SSCT UI X Distillation X X X SSCT ? ? Granular activated carbon (GAC) SSCT Anion exchange (AX) X SFI Cation exchange (CX) SSCT SSCT SSCT Reverse osmosis (RO) SSCT SSCT SSCT SSCT SFI SSCT SSCT Other adsorption media a X Treatment technology Contaminant Antimony Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Selenium Thallium Anion exchange (AX) SSCT SSCT SSCT Cation exchange (CX) SSCT SSCT SSCT SSCT Reverse osmosis (RO) SSCT SSCT SSCT SSCT SSCT SSCT SSCT Note: SSCT = treatment technology has been identified by EPA as an SSCT (Federal Register, Volume 63, No. 151, August 6, 1998). SFI = Treatment technology has been suggested to receive further investigation for the listed contaminant; anion exchange for nitrates is not currently recommended. UI = Under investigation. X = Treatment technology can remove the noted contaminant but it is not listed as an SSCT in the Federal Register or in a rule. ? = treatment technology is questionable for the listed contaminant. a Other adsorption media such as silica, fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, dissolved iron and manganese.
608 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. it is not suitable for the POE systems due to corrosion and affordability, wastes 3–5 gallons of water for every treated gallon, and requires routine maintenance. Although some POU/POE technologies are capable of removing microbial contaminants, VOCs, or radon, POU/POE devices should not be used for achieving compliance with these contaminant rules. VOCs and radon are both volatile and present an inhalation or contact exposure risk at untreated taps (e.g., showerheads). Thus, POU/POE system is not listed as a compliance technology for any MCL or treatment technique requirement for a microbial contaminant or indicator of a microbial contaminant by US EPA as prohibited by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Therefore, POU/POE devices at a single kitchen tap will not sufficiently protect the public from these risks. To select an appropriate POU or POE system for household water treatment, tap water has to be analyzed by the local health department or a reputable laboratory. This step will help toward solving a suspected water quality problem. A water analysis is also used to determine the most appropriate solution to the problem. For example, the problem of arsenic contamination in water might be identified and the proper POU/POE system will be selected. To obtain the quality of water entering the POU/POE system, state or local health officials can interpret water analysis results. Some laboratories may also provide this service. The appropriate POU/POE system will then be selected based on the characteristics of tap water and the quality of treated water for household use. The selection of specific types of POU/ POE technologies may be restricted by site-specific water quality issues. The presence of high concentrations of competing contaminants or foulants can significantly reduce the removal efficiencies of these devices, making water quality testing and pilot testing important steps in selecting a POU/POE technology. The water quality parameters and competing ions that may reduce the efficiency of POU and POE devices are shown in Table 14.2 (1). To select an appropriate POU/POE technology, the following criteria have to be considered: l The case of use of the technology l The microbiological quality of water l System costs l Environmental sustainability l Socio-cultural acceptability l The required operation and maintenance Table 14.2 Water quality parameters and competing ions that may reduce the efficiency of POU/POE Technology Water quality parameter of concern Issue Ion exchange Iron, manganese, copper Fouling, competing ions Adsorptive media Silica, fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, dissolved iron and manganese Interfering/competing ions Reverse osmosis Hardness, iron, manganese Fouling Granular activated carbon Organics, multiple SOCs or VOCs present Competing ions Aeration Hardness, iron, manganese Fouling, scaling
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
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186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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274 J. Paul Chen et al. the rejecte
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276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
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278 J. Paul Chen et al. Most UF mem
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280 J. Paul Chen et al. The applica
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282 J. Paul Chen et al. solutions a
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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286 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.2 L
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288 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.3 L
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290 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.7. V
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292 J. Paul Chen et al. Considering
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294 J. Paul Chen et al. Approximati
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296 J. Paul Chen et al. 5.2. The Po
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298 J. Paul Chen et al. into a smal
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300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
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342 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang impo
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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510 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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