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Membrane Filtration Regulations and Determination of Log Removal Value 165 a manufacturer may maintain a special test apparatus to check individual modules as a component of its QA/QC program. Such an apparatus may be suitable for conducting challenge testing and typically includes equipment such as pumps, valves, instrumentation, and controls necessary to evaluate full-scale modules. This same type of equipment would be used in the design of systems for testing small-scale modules. Both the seeding and sampling methods selected for challenge testing, as well as the hydraulic configuration of the system, affect the design of the test apparatus. Batch seeding requires a feed tank and mixing equipment, while continuous seeding requires a stock solution reservoir, chemical metering pump, and in-line mixers. Sampling requirements may dictate the location and design of sample taps in the system. In addition, the test apparatus should be designed to mimic the hydraulic configuration of the full-scale system as much as practical; however, the test apparatus may alternatively utilize a more conservative recovery than the full-scale system. If 100% recovery (i.e., the most conservative scenario) is used, a cross-flow system must operate without a bleed stream such that all of the concentrate is recirculated, and a deposition mode system must filter the entire test solution volume. Note that a full-scale cross-flow system could not operate at 100% recovery on a sustained basis, since the feed would become increasingly concentrated. However, operation at 100% recovery is feasible for a short-term challenge test in the interest of generating conservative results. The test apparatus should allow the membrane module to undergo direct integrity testing both before and after the challenge test. Figure 4.2 through Fig. 4.6 are schematic representations of typical apparatuses for challenge testing under various conditions. Note that ancillary equipment and operational processes (e.g., backwash, chemical cleaning, and integrity testing) are not shown. Figure 4.2 illustrates a pressure-driven apparatus operating in deposition mode with batch seeding and composite sampling. This type of system may be well suited for a MCF or other membrane module with limited surface area. With this apparatus, the test solution is prepared as a batch and a composite filtrate sample would be generated, yielding a single data pair (i.e., a feed sample and a composite filtrate sample) for the purposes of calculating the log removal efficiency for the challenge particulate. Fig. 4.2. Schematic of a typical pressure-driven system in deposition mode with batch seeding and composite sampling.
166 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig. 4.3. Schematic of a typical pressure-driven system in deposition mode with continuous seeding and grab sampling. Fig. 4.4. Schematic of a typical pressure-driven system in suspension mode with continuous seeding and grab sampling. Figure 4.3 illustrates an apparatus similar to that shown in Fig. 4.2, but designed for continuous in-line seeding and grab sampling rather than batch seeding and composite sampling. With this apparatus, the challenge particulate is introduced from a stock solution reservoir and mixed prior to the feed sampling point. The use of grab sampling allows the collection of multiple feed and filtrate samples from a single test run.
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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350 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 3.2.
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388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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