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<strong>Membrane</strong> Systems Planning <strong>and</strong> Design 387<br />

x Position in the membrane unit in the direction of tangential flow (i.e., x =0at<br />

the entrance to the first module), ft<br />

mT<br />

Viscosity of water at temperature T, cp<br />

m20 Viscosity of water at 20 C, cp<br />

t Solids retention time, min<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. US EPA (2003) <strong>Membrane</strong> filtration guidance manual. US Environmental Protection Agency,<br />

Office of Water, EPA 815-D-03-008, Cincinnati, OH, June 2003<br />

2. Chen JP, Yang L, Ng W-J, Wang LK, Song SL (2006) <strong>Membrane</strong> filtration. In: Wang LK, Hung<br />

YT, Shammas NK (eds) Advanced physicochemical treatment processes. Humana Press, Inc.,<br />

Totowa, NJ<br />

3. US Bureau of Reclamation (1998) The desalting <strong>and</strong> water treatment membrane manual: a guide<br />

to membranes for municipal water treatment, 2nd edn. Technical Service Center, Water Treatment<br />

Engineering <strong>and</strong> Research, Denver, CO<br />

4. WEF (2006) <strong>Membrane</strong> systems for wastewater treatment. Water Environment Federation, New<br />

York, NY<br />

5. AMTA (2008) Technology transfer workshop – membrane applications for all your thirsty needs.<br />

American <strong>Membrane</strong> Technology Association, Stuart, FL. http://www.amtaorg.com/publications.<br />

html, March 12–13 2008<br />

6. Pearce G (2007) Introduction to membranes: filtration for water <strong>and</strong> wastewater treatment. Filtr<br />

Sep 44(2):24–27<br />

7. Degremont <strong>Technologies</strong> (2010) <strong>Membrane</strong>s. http://www.degremont-technologies.com/dgtech.<br />

php?rubrique56<br />

8. Hung YT, Taricska JR, Lo HH, Wang LK, Li KH (2006) Powdered activated carbon adsorption.<br />

In: Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas NK (eds) Advanced physicochemical treatment processes.<br />

Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ<br />

9. Wang LK (2006) Water chlorination <strong>and</strong> chloramination. In: Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas NK<br />

(eds) Advanced physicochemical treatment processes. Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ<br />

10. Asano T, Burton FL, Leverenz HL, Tsuchihashi R, Tchobanoglous G (2007) Water reuse, issues,<br />

technologies <strong>and</strong> applications. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p 1570<br />

11. Shammas NK, Chang CC, Wang LK (2006) Tertiary microscreening. In: Wang LK, Hung YT,<br />

Shammas NK (eds) Advanced physicochemical treatment processes. Humana Press, Inc., Totowa,<br />

NJ<br />

12. Côté P, Sutherl<strong>and</strong> I, Adams N, Cadera J (2003) Validation of membrane integrity methods in a<br />

challenge test with Bacillus subtillis. In: AWWA membrane technology conference proceedings,<br />

Atlanta, GA, 2–5 March 2003<br />

13. Johnson WT (1997) Predicting log removal performance of membrane systems using in-situ<br />

integrity testing. In: AWWA annual conference proceedings, Atlanta, GA, 15–19 June 1997<br />

14. Adham SS, Jacangelo JG, Laine J-M (1995) Low-pressure membranes: assessing integrity. J Am<br />

Water Works Assoc 87(3):62<br />

15. Farahbakhsh K, Smith D (2003) Estimating air diffusion contribution to pressure decay during<br />

membrane integrity tests. In: AWWA membrane technology conference proceedings, Atlanta,<br />

GA, 2–5 March 2003

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