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20 A.G. (Tony) Fane et al. The worldwide membrane market grows at nearly 8–10% per year and 75% of the total market share belongs to USA, Japan and Western Europe. Figure 1.11 shows the statistic results on annual sales of membranes and membrane modules for various applications (72). In 1998, MF, UF, and RO shared up to 41% of the membrane market value for water and wastewater treatment applications. Dialysis (the artificial kidney) accounted for another 43%. GS for chemical and industrial gas production had a 5% market share but had the highest growth rate of 15% (74). In this section, the recent developments of membrane technology in several important fields are reviewed. 3.1. RO for Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination and Water Reclamation 3.1.1. Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination RO process is currently the fastest growing and the most promising technique for seawater and brackish water desalination. Worldwide more than 15,000 industrial scale desalination plants had been installed by the year 2002, and RO made up to 44% of the total capacity (75). This has increased to levels approaching 60% in 2006, and world total desalination capacity presently is estimated as 10–30 million m 3 /day (76). Substantial cost decline of desalination by RO process has contributed much to the rapidly growing success of RO technology. Over the last decade, the operating cost for desalination of seawater has dropped from USD1.5 to USD0.5–0.8/m 3 ; the cost is around USD0.2–0.35/m 3 for brackish water (77, 78) (Table 1.5). The other parameters of RO in seawater and brackish water desalination are also compared in Table 1.5. Applying one stage RO process and interfacial composite membranes in Fig. 1.11. Annual sales of membranes and membrane modules for various applications worldwide (adapted from ref. (72)).
Membrane Technology: Past, Present and Future 21 Table 1.5 Comparison between recent seawater and brackish water desalination using RO (adapted from refs. (77, 78)) Parameter Seawater Brackish water Operating pressure (psi) 800–1000 150–400 Solution concentration (%) 1–5 0.2–0.5 One-stage NaCl rejection (%) >99.3 96–98 Target salt concentration (ppm)
Page 1: Membrane and Desalination Technolog
Page 4 and 5: Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
Page 6 and 7: vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
Page 9 and 10: Contents Preface . ................
Page 11 and 12: Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
Page 13 and 14: Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
Page 15 and 16: Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
Page 17 and 18: Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
Page 19 and 20: Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
Page 21 and 22: CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
Page 23 and 24: Membrane Technology: Past, Present
Page 39: Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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