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262 L.K. Wang et al. Electrode Rinsing Solution Concentrating Solution K K K A A A Cl – Cl – + + H H Raw Solution C D C D C (a) concentration of CD before spray-drying for energy and cost-saving; and (b) recycling of NF permeate for reuse in the fermentation reactor, in turn, for the elimination of wastewater discharge (37). 5.7. Production of Ethanol from Food Materials Using UF, Fermentation, CMR, and MF H + Cl – K: Cation-exchange Membrane A: Anion-exchange Membrane C: Concentration Cell D: Dilution Cell There is need to increase the utilization of agricultural crops in many developed countries to reduce surpluses and improve the farm economy, rather than flooding the world with surplus grains. In many cases, the surplus grains become solid waste. A great deal of interest today is focused on ethanol production by the fermentation of biomass which includes: (a) starch materials such as corn, wheat, barley, and potatoes; (b) saccharine materials such as sugar cane, sugar beets, molasses, and fruits; and (c) cellulose materials such as wood, corn stalks, straw, and other agricultural biomass. In the conventional fermentation process shown in Fig. 6.23, the starch materials, such as corn, wheat, and potatoes, must be converted to fermentable sugars by cooking with enzymes. The pretreated fermentable sugars are then fed into a fermentation reactor where yeast, acid, and enzyme are added and ethanol and carbon dioxide gas are produced. When saccharines, such as sugarcane, beets, and molasses are used as feedstock to an ethanol production system, the saccharine materials can be converted by yeast into ethanol and carbon dioxide gas directly in the fermentation reactor without a preliminary enzymatic cooking treatment. On the other hand, when cellulose materials, such as wood, corn stalks, hay, and straw, are used as feedstock, the cellulose must be broken down to fermentable Cl – H + Diluting Solution Cl – Electrode Rinsing Solution Concentrating Solution Fig. 6.22. Electrodialysis system using both cation- and anion-exchange membranes.
Treatment of Food Industry Foods and Wastes by Membrane Filtration 263 Water, Distillers Byproduct Steam, Agitation Heat CO2 Heat Water 190 Proof Ethanol Grain Conditioning Cooking Cooling Fermentation Heat Stripping Column Distilling (Beer) Column 50% Ethanol Refining Column Heat Denaturing Screen and Press Denaturing Chemical sugars using an acid hydrolysis pretreatment process, before it is fed into the fermentation reactor. The ethanol produced from fermentation (Fig. 6.23) can then be screened, pressed, stripped, distilled, and refined for the production of 190-Proof ethanol. Pure alcohol is 100% or 200-Proof. The 190-Proof product contains 95% alcohol and 5% water. The ethanol can be used as either a beverage or a fuel (8). In comparison with other fuels, the 200-Proof ethanol’s heat value is rated at 84,000 BTU/ gallon, which is higher than the 200-Proof methanol (60,000 BTU/gallon), but lower than gasoline (120,000 BTU/gallon) and diesel fuel (140,000 BTU/gallon). It should be noted that methanol can only be produced by synthesis from coal, natural gas, or wood, but not by fermentation (8). New advances in genetic engineering and membrane technology have vastly improved the productivity of fermentation processes, which could possibly tip the balance in favor of Or Water, Enzyme, Acid or Alkali Water Acid,Yeast Enzyme Fig. 6.23. Fermentation process for ethanol production. Heat Water
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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174 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang due
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
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186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Page 255 and 256: CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
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338 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang for
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342 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang impo
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346 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang prio
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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354 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang cour
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358 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang wher
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360 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang and
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362 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang syst
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364 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang blee
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370 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang oxid
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372 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang memb
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376 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang capa
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378 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Disp
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380 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang sali
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384 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang the
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388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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494 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3. E
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496 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Form
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500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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604 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
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606 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. hydr
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608 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. it i
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610 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. UV i
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612 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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614 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. abov
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618 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. larg
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620 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. insi
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630 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. D
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632 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. For
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634 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Cc
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640 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. grea
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642 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 2. F
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644 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. cond
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648 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. l En
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652 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Feed
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662 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 10 L
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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