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18 A.G. (Tony) Fane et al. (VOCs) from water, silicone rubber composite membranes are the state-of-the-art material. The membrane used depends on the nature of the organics for the case of organic/organic separation (57). 2.8. Membrane Bioreactors The integration of membrane technology and biotechnology has been applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the major application is in wastewater treatment. In this case, membranes are incorporated into the design of the wastewater bioreactors to separate solids/liquid, and this combination has been termed the MBR. The first descriptions of this technique dated from the late 1960s. A bench-scale membrane separation system linked with an activated sludge process was reported, in which a UF membrane module was placed externally to an aerated biological treatment basin in place of the gravity clarifier for the separation of mixed liquor (64, 65) (Fig. 1.10a). At around the same time, the first MBRs were developed commercially by Dorr–Oliver (66). Later in that period, similar external MBRs were used in fermentation of ethanol or acetone/butanol from low-grade food processing waste, such as cheese whey (67) and, in producing protein antibodies by genetically engineered mammalian cells (68, 69). This “first generation” MBR system has benefits in its continuous operation, the high cell densities achievable and easy control of the flux of different molecular weight molecules. However, the power costs associated with the operation of the external membrane MBR system limited its application to smaller wastewater flows. In the 1980s, the Japanese government invested in the development of MBR with a low footprint that would be suitable for water recycling. In 1989, Yamamoto (70) demonstrated the application of a vacuum-driven membrane immersed directly in the active sludge for solid-liquid separation, which was later termed the submerged MBR (Fig. 1.10b). In the submerged MBRs, the membranes are self-supported (no pressure vessel) and the modules can be fabricated simply and economically. The submerged MBR operates at a much lower TMP and at a lower liquid cross-flow velocity. This has paved the way towards a significant reduction in capital and operating costs. The Kubota plate and frame submerged membrane system, developed as a result of the Japanese Government initiative, has revolutionized wastewater treatment in Japan. The other type of submerged membrane system uses hollow fibers in bundles or curtains, either horizontally or vertically aligned. More details of submerged membrane systems can be found elsewhere (71). In MBRs, solids can accumulate at the membrane surface; thus, a back transport of solids is necessary to sustain membrane permeability. In the external MBR, solids back transport is provided by cross flow produced through recycling the mixed liquor at high flow rates. In the submerged MBR, coarse bubble aeration is used to prevent solids accumulation. By using the MBR, the conventional multi-stage activated sludge process, which includes primary settlement, secondary biological treatment and possible tertiary disinfection/polishing, can be simplified to a single filtration stage. The main advantages of MBRs lie in their high-quality effluents (BOD/TSS
Membrane Technology: Past, Present and Future 19 a b Influent Retentate Bioreactor Sludge wastage Influent Sludge wastage Air External cross-flow MBR Vacuum Pump Air Submerged MBR Recirculation pump Permeate Membrane module Bioreactor Fig. 1.10. Schematics of MBR systems. Membrane module higher capital and operating costs are considered as the disadvantages of MBRs compared to other biological processes (73). 3. CURRENT STATUS OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY Permeate Membrane technology has come a long way since its origins in the 1960s and is now experiencing a blossoming initiated in the early 1990s. Membranes are widely accepted as the best available technology for water and wastewater treatment. Rising concerns for increasing population growth and scarcity of freshwater resources, as well as more stringent water quality regulations are the major reasons for the adoption of membrane technology. Membranes are also used in application areas such as chemical and pharmaceutical processing, energy production, environmental monitoring and quality control, as well as food and beverage processing. Besides this, membranes are key components in fuel cells and bioseparation systems.
Page 1: Membrane and Desalination Technolog
Page 4 and 5: Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
Page 6 and 7: vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
Page 9 and 10: Contents Preface . ................
Page 11 and 12: Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
Page 13 and 14: Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
Page 15 and 16: Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
Page 17 and 18: Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
Page 19 and 20: Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
Page 21 and 22: CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
Page 23 and 24: Membrane Technology: Past, Present
Page 37: Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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