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592 J.P. Chen et al. Table 13.4 Design features of the Cape Coral water treatment system Plant data Plant 1 Plant 2 Production capability 6 MGD 9 MGD Raw water supply Lower Hawthorn aquifer Lower Hawthorn aquifer Brackish water Brackish water 10 wells (approximately 700-ft deep) 12 wells (approximately 700-ft deep) Production unit data Number of production units 10 8 Operating RO pressure (psi) 250 160 Recovery (%) 75 85 Pressure vessel array 10 (first stage) 16 (first stage) 7 (second stage) 8 (second stage) 4 (third stage) Number of elements/vessel 4 7 Number of elements/production unit Membrane element data 84 168 Manufacturer Fluid systems Hydranautics Model number 8021 LP 8040-LSY-CPA2 Configuration Spiral-wound Spiral-wound Type Thin film composite Thin film composite polyamide Minimum salt rejection (%) 97.5 99 Table 13.5 Water quality in the Cape Coral water treatment system Parameters Raw water RO reject Plant effluent pH 7.7 6.8 8.8 Total hardness as calcium carbonate (ppm) 500 2,500 80 Calcium hardness as calcium carbonate (ppm) 190 850 30 Magnesium hardness as calcium carbonate (ppm) 310 1,650 50 Conductivity (ms/cm) 2,400 9,000 575 Total dissolved solids (ppm) 1,534 6,390 313 Chlorides (ppm) 600 2,550 150 Fluorides (ppm) 2 1.6 0.7 Residual chlorine (ppm) 1.82 Turbidity (NTU) 0.66
Desalination of Seawater by Reverse Osmosis 593 velocity gradient is related to the amount of energy imparted to the water during mixing of water and scale inhibitor (67). 5.2. Cartridge Filters for Prefiltration After pretreatment by acidification and scale prevention, the raw well water becomes the feed water. The feed water then passes through a series of cartridge filters for removal of suspended particulates, such as microbes, dirt, sand, and silt, and turbidity. Cartridge filtration is considered as an emerging technology suitable for removing suspended matter from water. These cartridge filters are similar to the swimming pool filters and are mechanically simple for easy operation. The cartridge filters use ceramic or polypropylene microporous filter elements that are packed into pressurized housings. They are operated by the physical process of straining water through porous filter elements and can exclude particles down to less than 1 mm in size. The ease of operation and maintenance of cartridge filters makes them very attractive for small water systems with treatment capacity equal to or below 15 MGD (67). 5.3. Reverse Osmosis In the Cape Coral RO operations, spiral membranes are used in all 18 production units (Table 13.4). Ten of these production units operate at 234 psi. Eight of the newer generation spiral membranes operate at 160 psi. About 12.6% of the cartridge filter effluent becomes the “bypass stream” which bypasses the RO units and goes to the posttreatment facilities directly. The remaining about 87.4% of the cartridge filter effluent becomes the “feed water” which is fed to the RO units for RO membrane filtration and subsequent posttreatment. The average pH of the cartridge filter effluent or the feed water (after pretreatment and cartridge filtration) is 5.9 (67). The capability of RO for removal of 97–99% of salts, color, bacteria, virus, colloidal suspensions, and other toxic organic and inorganic substances has been demonstrated. The RO units at Cape Coral water treatment system are mainly used to remove chlorides (salts), total hardness, and many other undesirable substances. The average chlorides are reduced from 600 to 62 ppm. The product water is then blended with influent feed water, bringing the chlorides up to 150 ppm. It is important to note that finished water is blended with 10–15% of influent feed water. Normal drinking water should have no more than 250 ppm of chlorides as mandated by the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. Therefore, the chloride concentration at the level of 150 ppm is acceptable. Total hardness can be reduced from 500 ppm (as calcium carbonate) to 80 ppm (as calcium carbonate) after blending. After RO treatment, between 15 and 25% of the influent feed water becomes the RO reject, which is discharged into a receiving salt water lake. The average characteristics of the RO reject or brine concentrate are listed in Table 13.5. This highly concentrated RO reject is discharged from the RO system by way of the brine line, and is also called “waste stream.” The brine concentrate, treated with chlorine and oxygen to maintain environmental standards, although highly concentrated with impurities, sustains a concentration lower than that of the
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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274 J. Paul Chen et al. the rejecte
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276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
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278 J. Paul Chen et al. Most UF mem
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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286 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.2 L
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288 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.3 L
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290 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.7. V
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292 J. Paul Chen et al. Considering
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294 J. Paul Chen et al. Approximati
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296 J. Paul Chen et al. 5.2. The Po
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298 J. Paul Chen et al. into a smal
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300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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