Membrane and Desalination Technologies - TCE Moodle Website

Recommendations

Info

540 J.P. Chen et al. construction so that the waste heat from the facilities can be properly handled and the water pollution is minimized. For the newly built distillation systems, the thermal discharge is not a major concern because brine water with high temperatures is cooled by the raw feed water. 2.7.2. Materials for Construction The corrosive nature of high-temperature brines, acid pretreatments, and chemical scaling can cause plant failure. Presently, the only acceptable construction materials for wetted surfaces in high-temperature systems are an austenitic stainless steel. Anodized aluminum and many thermoplastic materials are acceptable for use in low-temperature systems. 2.7.3. Energy for Operation Operation of distillation is mainly energy driven. The crude oil prices have increased by almost 100% in the last 2 years. It is, therefore, important to consider the energy cost for operations and a sound forecast of the same is essential. 2.7.4. Characteristics of Raw Water The important parameters of raw water are TDS, salt contents, organic contents (TOC), and temperature. The availability of raw water is also important. 2.7.5. Final Disposal of Waste Brine The waste brine has high temperatures and TDS. Thus, it must be properly treated before it is discharged to nearby waters. Cooling and IX are recommended for its treatment. 3. ELECTRODIALYSIS 3.1. Introduction ED was commercially introduced in the early 1960s, about 10 years before the introduction of RO. The development of ED provides a cost-effective technology to remove salt from seawater. ED is also used in water and wastewater treatment, food processing, and chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. In ED, ionic components are removed from aqueous solutions through the IX membranes using the driving force of an electric field. The membrane is selective and semipermeable and it only allows the passage of either the anions or the cations. The separation is because of the nature of charged substances rather than the difference in their sizes. In seawater desalination, the dissolution of salt leads to the formation of positively charged cations such as Na + ,Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ and negatively charged anions such as Cl - . The cations and the anions are attracted to the cathode and the anode, respectively, which are subsequently removed. As a result, the water after treatment carries less ionic substances. A typical electrodialysis plant operates at 50–90% conversion and this conversion value is determined by the brine recirculation rate. An ED system can operate over a wide pH range (pH 1.0–13.0) as well as a wide temperature range (up to 43 C). The cost for O&M of ED (EDR) is slightly higher than that for RO. The drawback of this process is that the surfaces of membranes can be easily fouled. Thus, a modified process of EDR was developed. By intermittently reversing the polarity, the
Desalination of Seawater by Thermal Distillation and Electrodialysis Technologies 541 membranes’ surfaces can be cleaned. Standard EDR operates for 15 min on each polarity. Electrodeionization (EDI) is a modification of conventional ED systems with IX resins installed in the ED stacks. The resins reduce the electrical resistance of the unit and the direct current potential splits water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions that continuously regenerate a portion of the IX resins. EDI is particularly suited for the production of ultrapure water. 3.2. Mechanisms The working mechanism of ED is demonstrated in Fig. 12.12. The IX membranes are arranged alternately with an anion-selective membrane followed by a cation-selective membrane. A cell is a space that is bounded by the two different membranes; it is arranged as anion exchange membrane, space, and cation exchange membrane. A unit cell or cell pair is made up of two cells. The ion-depleted cell is used for the passage of freshwater (the freshwater channel or desalted water channel), whereas the ion-concentrated cell is used for the passage of brine (the brine channel). The cells alternate between the fresh water channel and the brine channel. Each cell is connected by its own feed/product stream and brine stream. The unit cells and electrodes are arranged horizontally or vertically and the entire unit is called a stack. An ED system requires huge amounts of direct current (DC); a rectifier is usually used to transform the alternating current (AC) to DC. The feed solution containing both positive and negative ions enters in a parallel path through all the cells, where an electric potential is maintained across the electrodes. This causes the ions to migrate to their respective electrodes. The positively charged cations in the A K A K Demineralized solution Ion concentrated liquid Anode Cathode A anion exchange membrane, permeable to anions K cation exchange membrane, permeable to cations Concentration stream Fig. 12.12. Demonstration of mechanism of ED process.
Page 1:
Membrane and Desalination Technolog
Page 4 and 5:
Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
Page 6 and 7:
vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
Page 9 and 10:
Contents Preface . ................
Page 11 and 12:
Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
Page 13 and 14:
Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
Page 15 and 16:
Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
Page 17 and 18:
Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
Page 19 and 20:
Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
Page 21 and 22:
CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
Page 23 and 24:
Membrane Technology: Past, Present
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
Page 69 and 70:
50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
Page 71 and 72:
52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
Page 73 and 74:
54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
Page 75 and 76:
56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
Page 77 and 78:
58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
Page 79 and 80:
60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
Page 81 and 82:
62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
Page 83 and 84:
64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
Page 85 and 86:
66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
Page 87 and 88:
68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
Page 89 and 90:
70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
Page 91 and 92:
72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
Page 93 and 94:
74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
Page 95 and 96:
76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
Page 97 and 98:
78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
Page 99 and 100:
80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
Page 101 and 102:
82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
Page 103 and 104:
84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
Page 105 and 106:
86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
Page 107 and 108:
88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
Page 109 and 110:
90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
Page 111 and 112:
92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
Page 113 and 114:
94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
Page 115 and 116:
96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
Page 117 and 118:
98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
Page 119 and 120:
100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
Page 121 and 122:
102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
Page 123 and 124:
104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
Page 125 and 126:
106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
Page 127 and 128:
108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
Page 129 and 130:
110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
Page 131 and 132:
112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
Page 133 and 134:
114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
Page 135 and 136:
116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
Page 137 and 138:
118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
Page 139 and 140:
120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
Page 141 and 142:
122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
Page 143 and 144:
124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
Page 153 and 154:
134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
Page 155 and 156:
136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
Page 157 and 158:
138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
Page 159 and 160:
140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
Page 161 and 162:
142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
Page 163 and 164:
144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
Page 165 and 166:
146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
Page 167 and 168:
148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
Page 169 and 170:
150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
Page 171 and 172:
152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
Page 173 and 174:
154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
Page 175 and 176:
156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
Page 177 and 178:
158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
Page 191 and 192:
172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
Page 193 and 194:
174 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang due
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
Page 207 and 208:
188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
Page 217 and 218:
198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
Page 219 and 220:
5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Page 221 and 222:
Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
Page 257 and 258:
Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
Page 291 and 292:
274 J. Paul Chen et al. the rejecte
Page 293 and 294:
276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
Page 295 and 296:
278 J. Paul Chen et al. Most UF mem
Page 297 and 298:
280 J. Paul Chen et al. The applica
Page 299 and 300:
282 J. Paul Chen et al. solutions a
Page 301 and 302:
284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
Page 303 and 304:
286 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.2 L
Page 305 and 306:
288 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.3 L
Page 307 and 308:
290 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.7. V
Page 309 and 310:
292 J. Paul Chen et al. Considering
Page 311 and 312:
294 J. Paul Chen et al. Approximati
Page 313 and 314:
296 J. Paul Chen et al. 5.2. The Po
Page 315 and 316:
298 J. Paul Chen et al. into a smal
Page 317 and 318:
300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
Page 319 and 320:
302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
Page 321 and 322:
304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
Page 323 and 324:
306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
Page 325 and 326:
308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
Page 327 and 328:
310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
Page 329 and 330:
312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
Page 331 and 332:
314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
Page 333 and 334:
316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
Page 335 and 336:
318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
Page 337 and 338:
320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
Page 339 and 340:
322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
Page 341 and 342:
324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
Page 343 and 344:
326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
Page 345 and 346:
328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
Page 347 and 348:
330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
Page 349 and 350:
332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
Page 351 and 352:
334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
Page 353 and 354:
336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
Page 355 and 356:
338 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang for
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
342 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang impo
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
346 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang prio
Page 365 and 366:
348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
354 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang cour
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
358 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang wher
Page 377 and 378:
360 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang and
Page 379 and 380:
362 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang syst
Page 381 and 382:
364 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang blee
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
370 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang oxid
Page 389 and 390:
372 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang memb
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
376 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang capa
Page 395 and 396:
378 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Disp
Page 397 and 398:
380 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang sali
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
384 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang the
Page 403 and 404:
386 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 9. N
Page 405 and 406:
388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
Page 407 and 408:
CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
Page 409 and 410:
Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
Page 451 and 452:
436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
Page 453 and 454:
438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
Page 455 and 456:
440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
Page 457 and 458:
442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
Page 463 and 464:
448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
Page 485 and 486:
470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
Page 487 and 488:
472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
Page 489 and 490:
474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
Page 491 and 492:
476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
Page 493 and 494:
478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
Page 495 and 496:
480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
Page 497 and 498:
482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
Page 499 and 500:
484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
Page 501 and 502:
486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
Page 503 and 504: 488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
Page 505 and 506: 490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
Page 507 and 508: 492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
Page 509 and 510: 494 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3. E
Page 511 and 512: 496 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Form
Page 513 and 514: 498 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4.4.
Page 515 and 516: 500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
Page 517 and 518: 502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
Page 519 and 520: 504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
Page 521 and 522: 506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
Page 523 and 524: 508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
Page 525 and 526: 510 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
Page 527 and 528: 512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
Page 529 and 530: 514 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 5.6.
Page 531 and 532: 516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
Page 533 and 534: 518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
Page 535 and 536: 520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
Page 537 and 538: 522 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 94.
Page 539 and 540: 12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
Page 541 and 542: Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
Page 553: Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
Page 573 and 574: CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
Page 575 and 576: Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
Page 605 and 606:
Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
Page 607 and 608:
Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
604 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
Page 619 and 620:
606 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. hydr
Page 621 and 622:
608 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. it i
Page 623 and 624:
610 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. UV i
Page 625 and 626:
612 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
Page 627 and 628:
614 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. abov
Page 629 and 630:
616 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
Page 631 and 632:
618 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. larg
Page 633 and 634:
620 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. insi
Page 635 and 636:
622 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. acti
Page 637 and 638:
624 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
Page 639 and 640:
626 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. affe
Page 641 and 642:
628 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Adju
Page 643 and 644:
630 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. D
Page 645 and 646:
632 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. For
Page 647 and 648:
634 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Cc
Page 649 and 650:
636 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 22.
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
640 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. grea
Page 655 and 656:
642 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 2. F
Page 657 and 658:
644 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. cond
Page 659 and 660:
646 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. foll
Page 661 and 662:
648 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. l En
Page 663 and 664:
650 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. oil-
Page 665 and 666:
652 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Feed
Page 667 and 668:
654 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. O 2
Page 669 and 670:
656 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. prea
Page 671 and 672:
658 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. holl
Page 673 and 674:
660 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wher
Page 675 and 676:
662 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 10 L
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
Page 685 and 686:
672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
Page 687 and 688:
674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
Page 689 and 690:
676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
Page 695 and 696:
682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
Page 697 and 698:
684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
Page 699 and 700:
Page 701 and 702:
688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
Page 703 and 704:
690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
Page 705 and 706:
692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
Page 707 and 708:
694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
Page 709 and 710:
696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
Page 711 and 712:
Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
Page 713 and 714:
Index 701 Challenge test solution d
Page 715 and 716:
Index 703 Disinfection by-products
Page 717 and 718:
Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
Page 719 and 720:
Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
Page 721 and 722:
Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
Page 723 and 724:
Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
Page 725 and 726:
Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
Page 727 and 728:
Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
show all

Membrane and Desalination Technologies - TCE Moodle Website

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?