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224 L.K. Wang and R. Menon Table 5.5 Aerobic MBR treatment of cosmetic factory wastewater in France Parameter, mg/L Influent quality Effluent quality COD 6,500
Treatment of Industrial Effluents, Municipal Wastes, and Potable Water 225 6.3. Acknowledgments The MBR process system was originally developed and perfected by Ondeo Degremont (Suez group) and Zenon Environmental Inc. Now the MBR process system has been accepted internationally as one of the mainstream biological WWT systems. More than 200 systems have been installed and are successfully operated. 6.4. Commercial Availability Full-scale MBR process systems are available in USA through companies such as Ondeo Degremont, Zenon Environmental Inc., US Filter, Aqua-Aerobic, Inc., GE Water & Process Technologies, a unit of General Electric Co., etc. 7. RECENT ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY 7.1. Electrodialysis Membrane Bioreactor for Product Separation and pH Control The removal of product and pH control are two main issues that limit the technical and commercial viability of such fermentation processes. A bioreactor combining conventional electrodialysis and bipolar membrane electrodialysis has been developed by Li et al. (55) for in situ product removal and pH control in lactic acid fermentation. The electrokinetic process enabled removal of the biocatalytic product (lactic acid) directly from the bioreactor system, in a concentrated form, and also enabled good pH control without generation of troublesome salts. Moreover, end-product inhibition of glucose catabolism was reduced, resulting in a greater generation of the end-product lactic acid. 7.2. Ethanol Production in Membrane Distillation Bioreactor Batch fermentation combined with the removal of ethanol from the broth by means of membrane distillation (MD) process has been investigated by Gryta et al. (56). The porous capillary polypropylene membranes were used for the separation of volatile compounds from the feed (broth), formed as a result of fermentation. The elimination of these compounds allows the increase in the productivity and the rate of conversion of sugar to ethanol, since they act as inhibitors. In the case of fermentation combined with MD, the efficiency of 0.4–0.51 (g EtOH)/(g of sugar) and the production rate of 2.5–4 (g EtOH)/dm 3 h were achieved in relation to 0.35–0.45 (g EtOH)/(g of sugar) and 0.8–2 (g EtOH)/dm 3 h obtained in the classical batch fermentation. The ethanol flux obtained in membrane distillation varied in the range of 1–4 (kg EtOH)/m 2 per day and was dependent on the temperature and the feed composition. 7.3. Denitrification of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water Using Membrane Bioreactor A MBR was investigated by Ergas and Rheinheinmer (57) for denitrification of nitratecontaminated drinking water. In the MBR, nitrate-contaminated water flows through the lumen of tubular microporous membranes and nitrate diffuses through the membrane pores.
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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286 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.2 L
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288 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.3 L
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290 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.7. V
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292 J. Paul Chen et al. Considering
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294 J. Paul Chen et al. Approximati
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296 J. Paul Chen et al. 5.2. The Po
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298 J. Paul Chen et al. into a smal
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300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
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342 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang impo
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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