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Membrane Systems Planning and Design 339 consideration if the source water is limited, or alternatively if waste disposal is problematic. In addition, chemical cleaning may be a labor-intensive operation that requires the handling of harsh chemicals and produces a waste stream that may be difficult to dispose. However, chemical cleaning is a necessary process associated with membrane filtration, and establishing operating practices that extend the time between cleanings is one objective of a membrane pilot study. This section provides guidelines for balancing flux, productivity, backwash frequency (where applicable), and chemical cleaning intervals during pilot testing. It is important to note that in order for cause and effect to be analyzed properly only one process variable should be changed at a time during the pilot study. Economic and time constraints often dictate the duration of the pilot study and may not allow complete optimization of each of these parameters. Therefore, it is important to understand which of these parameters is most important for a particular application of membrane filtration and to structure the pilot test protocol accordingly. Thus, the result of a pilot study is not necessarily the “optimum” design, but rather a set of operational conditions that will result in feasible and economic water treatment over the anticipated range of operating and source water conditions. 2.2.1. Membrane Flux Optimization Membrane manufacturers can recommend fluxes for particular applications and a given water quality. Table 8.1 lists some of the important water quality data that should be provided to membrane suppliers to facilitate a fairly accurate initial estimation of anticipated membrane productivity. If scheduling permits, it is typically advantageous to begin piloting MF/UF systems at a conservative flux and then increase it based upon the rate of fouling observed. The flux may be increased either after a chemical cleaning or during a filter run if the pilot unit has undergone sustained operation with only a nominal increase in fouling. In subsequent filter runs (i.e., between chemical cleanings) the pilot unit flux may be either increased if the fouling rate of the previous run was still within acceptable tolerances, or decreased if the fouling occurred at an unacceptably high rate. Note that the backwash frequency may also be adjusted either during a filter run or between filter runs to minimize fouling at a particular flux. This fine-tuning process of adjusting the flux and/or backwashing interval (if possible, only one parameter should be adjusted at a time) between filter runs may be repeated to the extent that budget and scheduling constraints allow, or to the point at which such adjustments reach the point of diminishing returns. NF/RO performance can typically be accurately gauged by the manufacturers based on water quality models; although it is often beneficial to adjust the flux over a series of filter runs to optimize productivity based on pilot test results. (Note, however, that manufacturers’ models do not predict fouling.) The pilot test protocol should include the expected range of membrane fluxes and guidelines on how these fluxes should be adjusted based upon the results of early testing. Models may also indicate chemical pretreatment requirements necessary to control scaling on NF/RO membranes and thus to help maintain acceptable fluxes.
340 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Table 8.1 Water quality parameters to measure prior to piloting Parameter MF/UF NF/RO Cations Aluminum X Ammonia X Barium X Calcium X X Iron X X Magnesium X X Manganese X X Potassium X Sodium X Strontium Anions X Chloride X Fluoride X Nitrate X Silica X X Sulfate X Other chemical/physical parameters Algae X Alkalinity X pH X X SDI X TDS X TOC X X TSS X Turbidity X X UV-254 X X 2.2.2. Backwash Optimization Backwashing is a periodic reverse flow process used with many hollow-fiber MF/UF systems to remove accumulated contaminants from the membrane surface, thus maintaining sufficient flux and minimizing the rate of long-term, irreversible fouling. A MF/UF membrane manufacturer can provide information on the backwash protocol required for its system, as well as a recommended backwash frequency. It is important to understand the following issues regarding the backwash process, which are applicable to both piloting and full-scale operation: 1. Large water and/or air flows over short periods of time may be included as a part of the backwash process. The flows of air and water vary depending on the system manufacturer. 2. Backwash effluent water contains approximately 10–20 times the concentration of the feed contaminants.
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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160 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.8.
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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274 J. Paul Chen et al. the rejecte
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276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
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278 J. Paul Chen et al. Most UF mem
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280 J. Paul Chen et al. The applica
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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