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Membrane Separation: Basics and Applications 301 Fig. 7.12. A tubular module. a b c Fig. 7.11. Industrial-scale spiral-wound modules. Retentate Membranes Permeate The choice between the two concepts is mainly based on some parameters such as operation pressure, pressure drop, type of membrane available, etc. The fibre wall has a structure of the asymmetric membrane, and the active skin layer is placed to the feed side. The hollow-fibre module is featured by a very high packing density, which can reach values of 30,000 m 2 /m 3 . The hollow-fibre module is often used when the feed stream is relatively clean, such as in gas separation. It has also been used in the case of seawater desalination, but pre-treatment is needed. The module construction given in Fig. 7.15a is a typical RO module, where a central Feed
302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13. Cutaway view of hollow-fibre membrane module. pipe is used to uniformly distribute the feed solution throughout the module. This is to avoid the problem of “channelling” in “outside-in” model, which means that the feed has a tendency to flow along a fixed path, thus reducing the effective membrane surface area. In gas separation, as shown in Fig. 7.15b, the “outside-in” model is used to avoid high-pressure losses inside the fibre and to attain a high membrane area (13). 6.3. Design Considerations 6.3.1. System Design The design of the membrane operation system can be very different for different applications and module configurations (13). A number of modules are connected together to form a stage. It is desirable to optimize the whole separation system in order to achieve low capital and operational costs and good quantity and quality of treated water. Normally, MF and UF do not require pre-treatment units; however, the feed must be pretreated before entering NF or RO unit. The simplest design is a dead-end operation, as shown in Fig. 7.16a. As the feed is forced through the membrane, the concentration of rejected components in the feed increases and accumulates at the membrane interface; hence, the permeate quality decreases with time. Therefore, for industrial applications, a cross-flow operation, as shown in Fig. 7.16b, is preferred for its lower fouling tendency comparing with the dead-end mode.
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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174 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang due
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
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186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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354 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang cour
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358 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang wher
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360 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang and
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362 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang syst
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364 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang blee
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370 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang oxid
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372 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang memb
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376 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang capa
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378 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Disp
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380 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang sali
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384 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang the
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386 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 9. N
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388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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494 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3. E
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496 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Form
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500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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604 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
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606 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. hydr
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610 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. UV i
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614 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. abov
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618 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. larg
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630 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. D
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632 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. For
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634 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Cc
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640 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. grea
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642 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 2. F
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644 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. cond
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648 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. l En
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652 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Feed
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654 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. O 2
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658 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. holl
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662 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 10 L
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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672 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh municip
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674 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 3.2. Tw
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676 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Fig. 16
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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682 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 4.3. Ga
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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688 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh MBRs ca
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690 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh two pro
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692 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh can be
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694 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 27. Bel
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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