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4
Membrane Filtration Regulations and Determination
of Log Removal Value
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MEMBRANES FOR THE POTABLE WATER INDUSTRY
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang
LONG TERM 2ESWTRAND STAGE 2DBPRREGULATIONS
CHALLENGE TESTING: DETERMINATION OF LRV
DIRECT INTEGRITY TESTING
CONTINUOUS INDIRECT INTEGRITY MONITORING
DESIGN EXAMPLE: CHALLENGE TEST SOLUTION DESIGN SCENARIO
GUIDELINES FOR COMPARING MEMBRANE FILTRATION WITH OTHER WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR GIARDIA CYSTS, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
OOCYSTS AND VIRUS REMOVAL
CASE STUDY OF CHALLENGE TESTING FOR COMPARING MICROFILTRATION AND
CONTINUOUSLY BACKWASHED DUAL SAND FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES
ACRONYMS
NOMENCLATURE
REFERENCES
Abstract The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) promulgated the
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, which has identified membrane
filtration as a treatment technology that may be used to achieve the required level of
Cryptosporidium treatment. This rule, along with the companion: Stage 2 Disinfectants and
Disinfection By-products Rule, constitutes the principal US regulations for the application of
the membrane technology in potable water treatment.
The primary elements of the regulatory requirements for membrane filtration including the
definition of membrane filtration, as well as challenge testing, direct integrity testing, and
continuous indirect integrity monitoring, are summarized in this chapter. The requirements
and procedure for challenge testing, which is required to demonstrate the ability of the
treatment process to remove a specific target organism, are explained in detail. The removal
efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing establishes the log removal value (LRV) or
From: Handbook of Environmental Engineering, Volume 13: Membrane and Desalination Technologies
Edited by: L.K. Wang et al., DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6_4 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2011
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