708 Index <strong>Membrane</strong>s (cont.) device for fouling potential measurement, 111–112 electrodes, 6 electrodialysis (ED), 6, 7, 203, 225, 239, 262, 281, 284, 392, 479, 497, 525–555, 560, 646 equipment, 213, 243, 647 formation processes, 7, 47, 48, 69–78 gas separation process, 6 hollow-fiber, 27, 104, 208, 209, 212, 213, 226–228, 243, 244, 340, 348, 363, 366, 486, 495, 618, 657, 658, 686 hydrophilicity, 105, 655–658 immersed directly into the reactor, 37 immersed in an external reactor, 37 industry, 35, 316 inorganic, 15, 49, 213, 249, 286, 649, 658 installation, 382 ion exchange, 6, 50, 226–227, 258, 264–265, 496–497, 544–545, 645 ion-exchange bioreactor, 496–497 Kubota, 18, 28, 684, 685, 688 materials, 53–59, 285–289, 305, 571 microporous, 6, 15, 34, 49–50, 52, 61, 225–226, 356, 495, 649 modification, 287–289, 655, 656 nonporous, 7, 14, 15, 49–52, 103, 227, 285, 289, 290, 347, 351, 367, 489–490, 496, 565, 566 polyamide <strong>and</strong> polyurea composite, 8, 10, 564 porous, 8, 12, 14, 48, 51–53, 55, 57, 61, 64, 70–75, 92, 158, 213, 225, 239, 243, 273, 278, 285, 288–290, 355, 489–490, 564, 585, 618, 648, 656, 658, 659 for the potable water industry, 137–138 pressure-driven external cross-flow, 36–37, 649 scaling, 26–27, 105, 247, 314, 317, 322, 339, 443, 544, 579, 629 semipermeable, 6–8, 36, 145, 158, 279–281, 347, 351, 354–356, 359, 367, 380, 487, 527, 540, 550, 560, 562, 564, 606, 616, 617, 619, 621, 630 separation, 2, 7, 8, 18, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 48, 49, 52 submerged, 6, 18, 28, 37, 207–209, 226, 227, 323, 470, 494, 495, 653, 683–688 surface formation of porous membranes, 72–73 terminology, 144–145 testing, 311, 629 thinfilm composite, 6–8, 213, 243, 248, 280, 288, 321, 564 transport, 9, 34, 111, 565 type, 128, 211, 277, 305, 382, 481, 563, 576, 612, 614, 647, 651, 657 unit, 144, 356, 381, 514–516, 630–631, 653, 654, 659, 685 vacuum-driven submerged, 37 <strong>Membrane</strong> systems, 30, 36–38, 249, 333–385, 436–437, 611, 651–653, 683–687 disinfection, 382–383 planning <strong>and</strong> design, 333–385 reliability, 375–376 <strong>Membrane</strong> technology classifications, 2–3 commercialization, 9, 16, 31 cost, 2–5, 15, 16, 18–23, 27–30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 646, 648, 650, 658 future prospects, 33–38 gas separation, 4, 6, 15–16, 29–31, 34, 35 historical development, 2, 5–19 industrial applications, 2–5, 7, 13, 17, 29, 32, 38 oil water separation, 639–662 POU, 605–614, 617, 618, 620–623, 625, 626, 630–632 Metal oxides fouling, 247, 248 Metal processing industry, 13 Metastable regions, 63, 64, 67, 71 Methane production, 38, 205 Microbial monitoring, 343, 345–346 Micro-encapsulation, 489 Microfiltration (MF), 4, 6, 14–15, 48, 49, 51–53, 73, 89, 106, 107, 136, 188, 191–195, 202, 205, 208, 212, 220, 223, 239, 241, 274, 310, 478, 481, 485, 550, 609, 645, 647, 649–650, 653–655, 658, 670, 671, 687
Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse osmosis (MF-RO) description, 445–446 plant performance, 447–450 Microorganisms return, 205 Micropore volume, 406 Microporous membrane, 6, 15, 17, 34, 49, 50, 52, 61, 225–226, 356, 359, 370, 495, 554, 568, 649 Milk concentration, 13, 252, 253, 259 Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), 207–209, 215–217, 228, 455, 459, 684 Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), 210 Model finely porous, 565, 569 homogeneous, 117, 565–567 irreversible thermodynamics, 291, 565 pore, 296–297, 406, 565, 568, 569 preferential sorption capillary flow (PSCF), 565, 568–569 SD imperfection, 568, 569 solution diffusion (SD), 9, 291–295, 565–568 surface force pore flow (SFPF), 565, 569 Modification, membrane, 287–289, 655, 656 Modules, 3, 104, 143, 205, 239, 273, 334, 437, 478, 548, 570, 611, 651, 670 capillary, 212, 213, 240, 245 hollow fiber, 3, 144, 437, 485, 572, 618–619 plate, 212–214, 240, 243, 245 plate <strong>and</strong> frame, 3, 8, 17, 28, 30, 31, 144, 298, 299, 549, 571 pleated sheet, 212, 213, 240, 245 spiral wound, 3, 6, 8, 17, 21, 30, 31, 104, 108, 117, 120, 144, 161, 169, 212–214, 240, 243, 245–247, 278, 298–301, 305, 314, 336, 366–369, 372, 437, 463, 570–573, 580, 589, 618–620, 691 Molecular markers, 148, 156, 158, 159, 162, 172, 179, 354 Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), 82, 158, 277–279, 652, 675, 679–683, 689 Momentum equation, 80 Multifunctional systems, 32 Multiple effect distillation (MED), 392, 393, 527, 529–531, 535–536, 551, 552, 554 Multi-stage flashing (MSF), 26–27, 392, 393, 527, 529–531, 535–536, 551, 552, 554 distillation, 392, 527, 534–535 Multi-stage process, 18, 254, 534, 575 Municipal wastewater, 10, 37, 314, 317 reclamation, 433–477 treatment, 23, 28–29, 217–218, 272, 434, 435, 437–445, 470, 494, 496, 671–672, 683, 688, 691 MWCO. See Molecular weight cut-off Nanofiltration (NF), 4, 13, 14, 26–28, 48, 49, 51, 52, 57–59, 169, 203, 204, 213, 239, 241–243, 247, 255–262, 275, 278–279, 283–284, 286, 288, 304–306, 340, 345, 348, 349, 359–360, 365, 368, 373, 435, 485–487, 576–577, 647, 650–653 Nascent hollow fiber membranes in the air gap, 60, 79, 80, 82–91, 94 Natural gas industry, 34–35, 640 Natural organic matter (NOM), 26–28, 105, 206, 313, 467, 478–480, 488, 490–492, 509, 627 NDPT. See Non-destructive performance testing Need for an effective fouling characterization method, 103, 108, 128–129, 131, 132 Neutralization, 2, 316, 323, 355, 378, 379, 467–468, 542, 591, 594 Newater plant, 24, 25, 434, 445, 456 Newton, 85 New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP), 191, 193 NF. See Nanofiltration Nitrate reduction assimilatory, 482 biological, 226–227, 482 dissimilatory, 482 Nitrate removal, 26, 206, 208, 226, 265, 284, 481–484, 492–494, 612, 613, 622, 623 Nitric oxide (NO) reduction, 482 Nitrification, 205, 208, 215, 226, 227, 323–324 Nitrous oxide reduction (N 2O), 482
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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126 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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130 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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160 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.8.
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162 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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166 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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168 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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172 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang chec
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174 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang due
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176 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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178 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. C
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180 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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182 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Sens
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184 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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186 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Maxi
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188 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 2. 2
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190 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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192 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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194 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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274 J. Paul Chen et al. the rejecte
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276 J. Paul Chen et al. The MF memb
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278 J. Paul Chen et al. Most UF mem
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280 J. Paul Chen et al. The applica
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282 J. Paul Chen et al. solutions a
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284 J. Paul Chen et al. Salt cheese
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286 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.2 L
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288 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.3 L
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290 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.7. V
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292 J. Paul Chen et al. Considering
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294 J. Paul Chen et al. Approximati
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296 J. Paul Chen et al. 5.2. The Po
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298 J. Paul Chen et al. into a smal
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300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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306 J. Paul Chen et al. l Product c
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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316 J. Paul Chen et al. magnesium,
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318 J. Paul Chen et al. reduction o
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320 J. Paul Chen et al. Table 7.6 C
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322 J. Paul Chen et al. many factor
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324 J. Paul Chen et al. 9.2. Gas Se
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326 J. Paul Chen et al. c w2 ¼ Con
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328 J. Paul Chen et al. 14. Economi
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330 J. Paul Chen et al. 55. Basu OD
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332 J. Paul Chen et al. 99. Teodosi
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334 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 1. I
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336 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dete
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338 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang for
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340 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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342 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang impo
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344 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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346 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang prio
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348 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 5-20
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350 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 3.2.
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352 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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354 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang cour
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356 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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358 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang wher
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360 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang and
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362 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang syst
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364 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang blee
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366 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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368 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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370 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang oxid
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372 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang memb
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374 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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376 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang capa
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378 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Disp
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380 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang sali
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382 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 7.3.
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384 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang the
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386 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 9. N
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388 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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CONTENTS 9 Adsorption Desalination:
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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444 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.5
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446 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre different
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448 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre protectin
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450 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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452 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.8
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454 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.1
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456 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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458 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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460 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.1
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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464 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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466 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.1
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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470 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre become on
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472 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre COD ¼ Ch
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474 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 25. Parso
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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478 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 1. I
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480 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. of 5
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482 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. well
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484 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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486 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3.3.
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488 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. C
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490 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. nonp
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492 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. rDNA
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494 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 3. E
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496 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Form
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498 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4.4.
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500 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. do n
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502 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Wate
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504 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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506 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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508 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Tabl
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510 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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512 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. solu
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514 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 5.6.
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516 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. (b)
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518 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 8. A
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520 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 52.
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522 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 94.
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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604 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
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606 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. hydr
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608 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. it i
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610 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. UV i
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612 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. The
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614 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. abov
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616 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Fig.
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618 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. larg
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620 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. insi
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622 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. acti
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624 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. wate
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626 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. affe
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628 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Adju
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630 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 4. D
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632 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. For
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634 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Cc
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636 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 22.
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638 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 63.
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640 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. grea
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642 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. 2. F
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644 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. cond
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646 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. foll
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648 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. l En
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650 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. oil-
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652 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. Feed
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654 P. Kajitvichyanukul et al. O 2
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