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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 10 Membrane Processes for Reclamation of Municipal Wastewater Jianjun Qin and Kiran A. Kekre PROCESS DESIGN UF FOR TERTIARY TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER MF-RO FOR RECLAMATION OF THE SECONDARY DOMESTIC EFFLUENT TOC REMOVAL IN RECLAMATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER BY RO NEW OPTION OF MBR-RO FOR RECLAMATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION OF A MIXED SEWAGE EFFLUENT USING UF-RO RECENT R&D ACRONYMS NOMENCLATURE REFERENCES Abstract In this chapter, advanced membrane technology for the reclamation of municipal wastewater has been introduced. The design of various membrane processes for this application is briefed. The investigations on the most common membrane (integrated) processes are emphasized, including (a) UF for the tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater; (b) MF-RO for the reclamation of the secondary domestic effluent; (c) Total organic carbon (TOC) removal in the reclamation of municipal wastewater by reverse osmosis (RO); (d) New option of MBR-RO for the reclamation of municipal wastewater; (e) the reclamation of a mixed sewage effluent using UF-RO. The recent R&D is highlighted. Key Words Microfiltration ultrafiltration reverse osmosis membrane bioreactor water reclamation municipal wastewater. From: Handbook of Environmental Engineering, Volume 13: Membrane and Desalination Technologies Edited by: L.K. Wang et al., DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6_10 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2011 433
434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTRODUCTION The shortage of fresh water supplies has become a global issue because of the rapid development of population and industry. A lot of efforts in many countries have been put into developing nonconventional water resources, such as desalination of seawater and the reclamation of municipal wastewater. Advanced membrane technology as one of the most promising technologies has been increasingly attractive because of its high efficiency, ease and economic of operation in those two applications mentioned above (1–29). Since membrane technology for seawater desalination has been introduced in detail in Chap. 13, membrane processes for the reclamation of municipal wastewater are focused in this chapter. The reclamation of municipal wastewater by membrane processes is not new, and it has been practiced for 30 years. For example, at Water Factory 21, Southern California, highquality water reclaimed from treated used water by reverse osmosis (RO) has been injected into ground water as a source of water supply (so-called indirect potable use) since 1976 (7). Similarly, high-quality water reclaimed at Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority, North Virginia as indirect potable use has been discharged into Occuquan Reservoir which is a source of water for the vicinity of Washington, DC since 1978. Nowadays, water reclamation for different applications has been fast growing around the world. In the USA, today there are about 40 full-scale membrane facilities for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse of various purposes. An example of them for indirect potable use is the membrane plant with the treatment capacity of 50 MGD (189,000 m 3 /d) at Gwinnett near Atlanta, Georgia. Research on membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for municipal wastewater treatment started more than 30 years ago (9) while commercialization of MBR for large-scale municipal wastewater applications was in the mid 1990s (10). In Europe, MBR technology has been widely applied to treat municipal wastewater for irrigation. Examples of commercial facility are hollow fiber MBR plants with the capacity of 37,850 m 3 /day at Brescia in Italy, 45,144 m 3 /day in Germany, 96,000 m 3 /day in the Netherlands as well as flat sheet MBR plant of 13,000 m 3 /day in Swanage, UK. In Singapore, the reclamation of treated effluent as a secondary source of water for nondomestic use is a national strategy as water is a scarce resource. Since a demonstration plant with the capacity of 10,000 m 3 /day for the production of potable grade water (so-called NEWater) from the secondary treated domestic sewage effluent was successfully operated in May 2000 (19), four factories with the total capacity of 234,000 m 3 /day, which is more than 15% of the total water demand, have been commenced to supply NEWater to the wafer fab industry, cooling towers, and indirect potable use. The fifth NEWater factory with the capacity of 225,000 m 3 /day is also brought forward. Hence by 2011, NEWater supply will meet 30% of Singapore’s water needs (20). This chapter focuses on membrane technology for the reclamation of municipal wastewater as follows. The design of various membrane processes is introduced, the investigations on the most commonly used membrane (integrated) processes are emphasized and the recent R&D are highlighted.
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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