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Membrane Systems Planning and Design 367 4. Chemical use, and 5. Energy requirements to maintain a given flux 5.2. Water Quality Because water quality can have a significant impact on membrane flux, feed water quality is also a primary design consideration for membrane filtration systems. Poorer water quality will require lower fluxes, which in turn increase the necessary membrane area and required number of modules, augmenting both the cost and the size of the system. However, pretreatment can often improve feed water quality at a lower cost than additional membrane area. Conversely, better water quality will allow higher fluxes, reducing the required membrane area, the size of the system, and the capital cost. Typically, membrane flux is determined through pilot testing. In the absence of pilot test data, it is important to have some understanding of how critical the following water quality parameters affect the flux: 1. SDI 2. Turbidity 3. Organic carbon 4. Dissolved solids The influence of each of these parameters on flux is briefly described in this section. Temperature also has a significant impact on membrane flux, and this relationship is discussed separately in the following section. 5.2.1. Silt Density Index The SDI is an empirical dimensionless measure of particulate matter in water and is generally useful as a rough gauge of the suitability of source water for efficient treatment using NF/RO processes. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method for SDI of Water (25) details the procedure for determining SDI. In general, SDI measurements are taken by filtering a water sample through a 0.45-mm flat sheet filter with a 47-mm diameter at a pressure of 30 psi. The time required to collect two separate 500 mL volumes of filtrate is measured, and the resulting data become the inputs to a formula used to calculate SDI. Water samples that contain greater quantities of particulate matter require longer filtering and thus having higher SDI values. As a general rule of thumb, spiral-wound NF and RO modules are not effective for treating water with a SDI of 5 or greater, as this quality of water contains too much particulate matter for the non-porous, semi-permeable membranes, which would foul at an unacceptably high rate. Thus, some form of pretreatment to remove particulate matter is generally required for SDI values exceeding five in NF/RO applications. NF/RO membrane module manufacturers can usually provide a rough estimate of the range of anticipated operating fluxes based on the type of source water, which is roughly associated with a corresponding range of SDI values. A summary of these estimates is included in Table 8.7. However, SDI is only one measure of water quality, and there are a number of site- and system-specific water quality and operational factors that combine to dictate the flux for a
368 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Table 8.7 Estimated NF/RO membrane fluxes as a function of SDI Source SDI (dimensionless) Surface water 2–4 8–14 Ground water
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Membrane and Desalination Technolog
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Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex
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vi Preface Our treatment of polluti
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Contents Preface . ................
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Contents xi 3.4. Considering Existi
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Contents xiii 7. Membrane Separatio
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Contents xv 6. Design for Large Com
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Contents xvii 13. Desalination of S
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Contributors JIRAPAT ANANPATTARACHA
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CONTENTS 1 Membrane Technology: Pas
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Membrane Technology: Past, Present
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48 J. Ren and R. Wang Key Words Pol
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50 J. Ren and R. Wang Nonporous den
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52 J. Ren and R. Wang pervaporation
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54 J. Ren and R. Wang HO HO OH O OH
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56 J. Ren and R. Wang Fig. 2.7 Chem
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58 J. Ren and R. Wang N O O 3.10. P
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60 J. Ren and R. Wang inversion, th
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62 J. Ren and R. Wang where Dm i an
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64 J. Ren and R. Wang as nucleation
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66 J. Ren and R. Wang and no polyme
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68 J. Ren and R. Wang where b ¼ v1
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70 J. Ren and R. Wang S gelation ti
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72 J. Ren and R. Wang structure wil
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74 J. Ren and R. Wang Viscous finge
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76 J. Ren and R. Wang nonsolvent so
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78 J. Ren and R. Wang Thickness of
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80 J. Ren and R. Wang 5.1.1. Rheolo
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82 J. Ren and R. Wang the spinneret
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84 J. Ren and R. Wang Dynamic visco
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86 J. Ren and R. Wang where A is th
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88 J. Ren and R. Wang In the spinni
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90 J. Ren and R. Wang stress, espec
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92 J. Ren and R. Wang solution at t
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94 J. Ren and R. Wang TIPS ¼ Therm
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96 J. Ren and R. Wang 5. Kesting RE
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98 J. Ren and R. Wang 51. Matsuyama
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100 J. Ren and R. Wang 92. Ren J, C
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102 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Key Word
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104 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Flux A A
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106 L. Song and K.Guan Tay increase
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108 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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110 L. Song and K.Guan Tay • A fe
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112 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Feed wat
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114 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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116 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Fouling
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118 L. Song and K.Guan Tay The symb
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120 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Table 3.
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122 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Permeate
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124 L. Song and K.Guan Tay Average
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128 L. Song and K.Guan Tay generati
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132 L. Song and K.Guan Tay flux. Un
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134 L. Song and K.Guan Tay 14. Kaak
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136 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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138 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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140 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang excu
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142 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang dire
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144 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang broa
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146 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang remo
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148 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4. T
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150 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 8. S
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152 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.5.
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154 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Tabl
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156 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang phys
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158 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang mono
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160 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 4.8.
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162 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang The
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164 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Fig.
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170 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang CSTR
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196 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang PFR
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198 N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang 16.
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5 Treatment of Industrial Effluents
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Treatment of Industrial Effluents,
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CONTENTS 6 Treatment of Food Indust
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Treatment of Food Industry Foods an
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272 J. Paul Chen et al. formation a
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300 J. Paul Chen et al. 6.2.3. Tubu
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302 J. Paul Chen et al. Fig. 7.13.
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304 J. Paul Chen et al. a Feed b Me
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308 J. Paul Chen et al. Feed Permea
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310 J. Paul Chen et al. From Table
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312 J. Paul Chen et al. To calculat
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314 J. Paul Chen et al. biofilm for
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Adsorption Desalination: A Novel Me
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434 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 1. INTROD
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436 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre utilized
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438 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 3.2. Desc
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440 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Table 10.
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442 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre Fig. 10.4
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462 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre 7.2. Desc
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468 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre and anion
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476 J. Qin and K.A. Kekre technique
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12 Desalination of Seawater by Ther
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Desalination of Seawater by Thermal
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CONTENTS 13 Desalination of Seawate
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Desalination of Seawater by Reverse
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670 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 1. INTR
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680 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Cabassu
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684 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh Membran
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696 K. Mohanty and R. Ghosh 70. Fut
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Acceptance testing, 384-385 ACF. Se
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Index 701 Challenge test solution d
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Index 703 Disinfection by-products
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Index 705 Hemodialysis, 2, 6, 281 H
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Index 707 Membrane bioreactor-rever
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Index 709 Microfiltration-reverse o
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Index 711 Physical cleaning, 322-32
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Index 713 Reynolds number, 676, 679
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Index 715 Thermal concentration, 25
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