Theological Origins of Modernity

364 index
Arians, 87, 133, 134, 148, 250, 316n47
Ariew, Roger, 336n89
Aristophanes, 3, 296n2
Aristotelianism: Descartes’ attack on,
190; Franciscans’ opposition to, 25;
in Hobbes’ education, 214; humanist
rejection of scholasticism and, 77;
Islamic, 290, 360n2; Luther and, 119,
125, 126; of Marcello Virgilio, 89;
Ockham’s distrust of, 24; Petrarch on,
66; scholastic synthesis and, 21, 50, 133,
299n4; Valla’s opposition to, 79
Aristotle: on causality, 229–30; Descartes
and, 174, 182, 184, 186–87, 188, 335n68;
Erasmus’s God and, 160; Hobbes
and, 217, 224, 228; on intuition of fi rst
principles, 336n80; Luther’s ontology
and, 321n40; Petrarch on, 53, 305n42;
Pico on, 86; on political nature of
man, 44–45; on practical vs. theoretical
knowledge, 186–87; rediscovery of,
20, 21, 57; universals and, 4, 20; on
voluntary and involuntary actions, 140;
White on atomism and, 219; on wonder
as source of knowledge, 209
Arminianism, 211–13; Descartes and,
253, 332n16, 340n155, 355n19; Erasmus
and, 139, 211, 212, 217; Hobbes and,
217, 219, 220, 251–52, 254, 343n51,
343n56
Arminius, Jacobus, 211
Arnauld, Antoine, 195, 278
Arnold, Matthew, 360n48
Arnold, Paul, 334n41
Arnoldi, Bartholomaeus, 103, 107
Arrigo, Pacchi, 345n71, 345n75, 350n136
arts: concepts of the modern and, 4,
5–6, 297nn8–9; humanism and, 31, 32,
79–80, 81
Asclepius, 82
Ash’arites, 290, 291, 361n3
Athanasius, 83
atheism: Descartes’ doubt and, 196; fi deism
and, 114; Hobbes and, 220, 221, 227–28,
247, 351n137, 352n146; humanism and,
72; Luther’s debate with Erasmus and,
151, 152; materialism and, 36, 302n39;
modernity and, xii; of Paolo Sarpi, 215;
post-Enlightenment thought and, 280;
in Rome of Luther’s visit, 106
atomism, 36, 219, 228–29
Aubrey, John, 214, 215, 216, 221, 224,
341nn12–13, 342n25
Auden, W. H., 295n2
Augustijn, Cornelis, 328n58, 330n133
Augustine: Against the Academics, 141, 146;
city of God and, 45; Descartes and, 174,
265, 338n126; Enlightenment and, 257;
Erasmus and, 97, 150, 151, 164; evil and,
114, 142, 159; Ficino and, 84; freedom
of the will and, 114, 133, 137, 142–43,
146–47; Gnosticism and, 156; grace and,
116, 127, 143, 150, 164; humanism and,
57, 75, 77, 87, 88, 308n85; Luther and, 113,
119, 127, 151, 152–53, 154, 155, 159; Manicheanism
and, 84, 142, 315n37; modern
society and, 308n79; nominalism and,
57, 75; Pelagianism and, 28, 84, 142; Petrarch
and, 47, 48, 56–59, 67, 76, 307n77,
308nn85–86, 308n88, 308n90, 309n101,
309n104, 310n138; Platonism of, 80, 141,
315n40; Plotinus and, 84, 141, 315n40;
Salutati and, 77; scholastic realists and,
20; self-consciousness and, 198; Seneca
and, 141; Trinity and, 133
Augustinians: on authority, 314n26; Luther
in monastery of, 104, 105, 143; Petrarch
and, 74–75, 314n25
Ausonius, 180
autonomy, 6, 7
Autrecourt, Nicholas d’, 27, 131
Averroës, 21, 77, 360n2
Averroism: at Bologna, 313n17; Christian
suspicion of Islam and, 21, 77; Condemnation
of 1277 and, 299n4; Petrarch’s
attack on, 50; Pico and, 85; scholastic
theology and, 133; Valla’s opposition
to, 79
Avicenna, 21, 291
Avignon: Eckhart at, 35; papacy at, 1, 30, 50;
Petrarch at, 35, 43, 47, 74; three thinkers
crossing paths in, 1, 35, 43; William of
Ockham in, 22, 26, 30, 35, 43
Bacon, Francis, 37–39; on causality, 229,
232; Descartes and, 181, 184, 263,